Iwu 20 dị elu maka ndị ọkachamara Linux


Daalụ maka mmasị niile, okwu ọma na nkwado ị nyere anyị n'akụkụ abụọ mbụ nke edemede a. N'isiokwu nke mbụ, anyị tụlere iwu maka ndị ọrụ ahụ gbanwere na Linux ma chọọ ihe ọmụma dị mkpa iji malite.

  1. Iwu 20 bara uru maka ndị ọhụrụ Linux

N'isiokwu nke abụọ anyị tụlere iwu nke onye ọrụ etiti na-achọ iji jikwaa usoro nke ya.

  1. Iwu 20 dị elu maka ndị ọrụ Linux nke etiti

Gịnị ọzọ? N'isiokwu a, m ga-akọwa iwu ndị a chọrọ maka ijikwa Linux Server.

41. Iwu: ifconfig

ifconfig na-eji hazie kernel-bi na netwọk interfaces. A na-eji ya n'oge buut iji melite interfaces dị ka ọ dị mkpa. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-achọkarị ya naanị mgbe nbipu ma ọ bụ mgbe ọ dị mkpa ngbanwe usoro.

[[email  ~]$ ifconfig 

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E  
          inet addr:192.168.1.3  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0 
          inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link 
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1 
          RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 
          TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB)  TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB) 
          Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000 

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0 
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host 
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1 
          RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 
          TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)  TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)

Gosipụta nkọwa nke ihu niile gụnyere oghere ndị nwere nkwarụ site na iji arụmụka -a.

[[email  ~]$ ifconfig -a

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E  
          inet addr:192.168.1.3  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0 
          inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link 
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1 
          RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 
          TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB)  TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB) 
          Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000 

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0 
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host 
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1 
          RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 
          TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)  TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) 

virbr0    Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 0e:30:a3:3a:bf:03  
          inet addr:192.168.122.1  Bcast:192.168.122.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          UP BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
[[email  ~]$ ifconfig eth0 down
[[email  ~]$ ifconfig eth0 up

Kee “192.168.1.12” dị ka adreesị IP maka interface eth0.

[[email  ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12
[[email  ~]$ ifconfig eth0 netmask 255.255.255.
[[email  ~]$ ifconfig eth0 broadcast 192.168.1.255
[[email  ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255

Mara: Ọ bụrụ na ị na-eji netwọk ikuku, ịkwesịrị iji iwu iwconfig. Maka ihe atụ na ojiji “ifconfig” ndị ọzọ, gụọ Iwu 15 bara uru \ifconfig.

42. Iwu: netstat

iwu netstat na-egosiputa ozi metụtara netwọkụ dị iche iche dị ka njikọ netwọkụ, tebụl ntụgharị, ọnụ ọgụgụ interface, njikọ masquerade, ndị otu multicast wdg.,

[[email  ~]$ netstat -a

Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)
Proto RefCnt Flags       Type       State         I-Node   Path
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     741379   /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/gpg
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     8965     /var/run/acpid.socket
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     18584    /tmp/.X11-unix/X0
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     741385   /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/ssh
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     741387   /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/pkcs11
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     20242    @/tmp/dbus-ghtTjuPN46
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     13332    /var/run/samba/winbindd_privileged/pipe
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     13331    /tmp/.winbindd/pipe
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     11030    /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     19308    /tmp/ssh-qnZadSgJAbqd/agent.3221
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     436781   /tmp/HotShots
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     46110    /run/user/ravisaive/pulse/native
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     19310    /tmp/gpg-zfE9YT/S.gpg-agent
....
[[email  ~]$ netstat -at

Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State      
tcp        0      0 localhost:mysql         *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 *:5901                  *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 *:5902                  *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 *:x11-1                 *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 *:x11-2                 *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 *:5938                  *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 localhost:5940          *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 localhost:ipp           *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48270 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHED
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48272 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http TIME_WAIT  
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48421 bom03s01-in-f22.1:https ESTABLISHED
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48269 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHED
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:39084 channel-ecmp-06-f:https ESTABLISHED
...
[[email  ~]$ netstat -s

Ip:
    4994239 total packets received
    0 forwarded
    0 incoming packets discarded
    4165741 incoming packets delivered
    3248924 requests sent out
    8 outgoing packets dropped
Icmp:
    29460 ICMP messages received
    566 input ICMP message failed.
    ICMP input histogram:
        destination unreachable: 98
        redirects: 29362
    2918 ICMP messages sent
    0 ICMP messages failed
    ICMP output histogram:
        destination unreachable: 2918
IcmpMsg:
        InType3: 98
        InType5: 29362
        OutType3: 2918
Tcp:
    94533 active connections openings
    23 passive connection openings
    5870 failed connection attempts
    7194 connection resets received
....

Ọ DỊ MMA! Maka ihe ụfọdụ ma ọ bụrụ na ịchọghị idozi onye ọbịa, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na aha njirimara dị ka mmepụta netstat.

[[email  ~]$ netstat -an

Ọ dị mma, ọ ga-adị mkpa ka ị nweta nsonaazụ netstat na-aga n'ihu ruo mgbe agafere ntuziaka (ctrl+c).

[[email  ~]$ netstat -c

Maka ọmụmaatụ iwu “netstat” ndị ọzọ na ojiji, lee edemede 20 Netstat Command Examples.

43. Iwu: nslookup

Mmemme ịba uru netwọkụ ejiri nweta ozi gbasara sava ịntanetị. Dị ka aha ya na-egosi, ụlọ ọrụ na-achọta ozi nkesa aha maka ngalaba site na ịjụ DNS.

[[email  ~]$ nslookup linux-console.net 

Server:		192.168.1.1 
Address:	192.168.1.1#53 

Non-authoritative answer: 
Name:	linux-console.net 
Address: 50.16.67.239
[[email  ~]$ nslookup -query=mx linux-console.net 

Server:		192.168.1.1 
Address:	192.168.1.1#53 

Non-authoritative answer: 
linux-console.net	mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. 
linux-console.net	mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. 

Authoritative answers can be found from:
[[email  ~]$ nslookup -type=ns linux-console.net 

Server:		192.168.1.1 
Address:	192.168.1.1#53 

Non-authoritative answer: 
linux-console.net	nameserver = ns3404.com. 
linux-console.net	nameserver = ns3403.com. 

Authoritative answers can be found from:
[[email  ~]$ nslookup -type=any linux-console.net 

Server:		192.168.1.1 
Address:	192.168.1.1#53 

Non-authoritative answer: 
linux-console.net	mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. 
linux-console.net	mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. 
linux-console.net	nameserver = ns06.domaincontrol.com. 
linux-console.net	nameserver = ns3404.com. 
linux-console.net	nameserver = ns3403.com. 
linux-console.net	nameserver = ns05.domaincontrol.com. 

Authoritative answers can be found from:
[[email  ~]$ nslookup -type=soa linux-console.net 

Server:		192.168.1.1 
Address:	192.168.1.1#53 

Non-authoritative answer: 
linux-console.net 
	origin = ns3403.hostgator.com 
	mail addr = dnsadmin.gator1702.hostgator.com 
	serial = 2012081102 
	refresh = 86400 
	retry = 7200 
	expire = 3600000 
	minimum = 86400 

Authoritative answers can be found from:

Gbanwee nọmba ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri site na iji nke ịchọrọ ijikọ

[[email  ~]$ nslookup -port 56 linux-console.net

Server:		linux-console.net
Address:	50.16.76.239#53

Name:	56
Address: 14.13.253.12

44. Iwu: igwu

dig bụ ngwá ọrụ maka ịjụ DNS nameservers maka ozi gbasara adreesị nnabata, ozi mgbanwe, nameservers, na ozi metụtara ya. Enwere ike iji ngwa a site na sistemụ arụmọrụ Linux ọ bụla (Unix) ma ọ bụ Macintosh OS X. Ihe kacha eji egwu egwu egwu bụ naanị ịjụ otu onye ọbịa.

[[email  ~]$ dig linux-console.net

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net 
;; global options: +cmd 
;; Got answer: 
;; ->>HEADER<
[[email  ~]$ dig linux-console.net +nocomments 

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +nocomments 
;; global options: +cmd 
;linux-console.net.			IN	A 
linux-console.net.		14400	IN	A	40.216.66.239 
;; Query time: 418 msec 
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1) 
;; WHEN: Sat Jun 29 13:53:22 2013 
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 45
[[email  ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noauthority 

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +noauthority 
;; global options: +cmd 
;; Got answer: 
;; ->>HEADER<
[[email  ~]$ dig  linux-console.net +noadditional 

; <<>> DiG 9.9.2-P1 <<>> linux-console.net +noadditional
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<
[[email  ~]$ dig linux-console.net +nostats 

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +nostats 
;; global options: +cmd 
;; Got answer: 
;; ->>HEADER<
[[email  ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noanswer 

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +noanswer 
;; global options: +cmd 
;; Got answer: 
;; ->>HEADER<
[[email  ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noall 

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +noall 
;; global options: +cmd

45. Iwu: uptime

Ị jikọọla na igwe nkesa Linux gị wee chọta ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe ma ọ bụ obi ọjọọ, gịnị ka ị ga-eme? Na-eche…. Mba, ị nweghị ike ịgba ọsọ oge iji nyochaa ihe mere n'ezie mgbe ihe nkesa na-anọghị ya.

[[email  ~]$ uptime

14:37:10 up  4:21,  2 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.04

46. Iwu: mgbidi

otu n'ime iwu kachasị mkpa maka onye nchịkwa, mgbidi na-ezigara onye ọ bụla wee banye na ikike mesg ha ka edobere ee. Enwere ike ịnye ozi ahụ dị ka arụmụka na mgbidi, ma ọ bụ zipu ya na ntinye ọkọlọtọ nke mgbidi.

[[email  ~]$ wall "we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm"

Broadcast message from [email  (pts/0) (Sat Jun 29 14:44:02 2013): 

we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm

47. iwu: ozi

Na-ahapụ gị ijikwa ma ọ bụrụ na ndị mmadụ nwere ike iji iwu \write, iziga gị ederede n'ihuenyo.

mesg [n|y]
n - prevents the message from others popping up on the screen.
y – Allows messages to appear on your screen.

48. Iwu: dee

Ka izipu ozi ozugbo na ihuenyo igwe Linux ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ 'mesg' bụ 'y'.

[[email  ~]$ write ravisaive

49. Iwu: okwu

Nkwalite ide iwu, iwu okwu na-enye gị ohere ịgwa ndị ọrụ abanyela okwu.

[[email  ~]$ talk ravisaive

Mara: Ọ bụrụ na arụnyeghị iwu okwu, ị nwere ike dabara ma ọ bụ mebie ngwugwu achọrọ.

[[email  ~]$ yum install talk
OR
[[email  ~]$ apt-get install talk

50. Iwu: w

kedu iwu 'w' ka ị na-akpa ọchị? Ma n'ezie ọ bụghị. t bụ iwu, ọ bụrụgodị na ọ bụ naanị otu mkpụrụedemede ogologo! Iwu w bụ ngwakọta nke oge na onye nyere iwu ka e nyere otu ozugbo na nke ọzọ, n'usoro ahụ.

[[email  ~]$ w

15:05:42 up  4:49,  3 users,  load average: 0.02, 0.01, 0.00 
USER     TTY      FROM              [email    IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT 
server   tty7     :0               14:06    4:43m  1:42   0.08s pam: gdm-passwo 
server   pts/0    :0.0             14:18    0.00s  0.23s  1.65s gnome-terminal 
server   pts/1    :0.0             14:47    4:43   0.01s  0.01s bash

51. Iwu: nyegharịa aha

Dị ka aha ahụ na-egosi, iwu a nyegharịa faịlụ aha. rename ga-enyegharị faịlụ ndị akọwapụtara aha site na dochie ihe mbụ mere site na aha faịlụ ahụ.

Give the file names a1, a2, a3, a4.....1213

Naanị pịnye iwu.

 rename a1 a0 a?
 rename a1 a0 a??

52. Iwu: elu

Na-egosiputa usoro nke CPU. Iwu a na-enye ume ọhụrụ na-akpaghị aka, na ndabara ma na-aga n'ihu na-egosi usoro CPU ọ gwụla ma enyereghị ntuziaka nkwụsịtụ.

[[email  ~]$ top

top - 14:06:45 up 10 days, 20:57,  2 users,  load average: 0.10, 0.16, 0.21
Tasks: 240 total,   1 running, 235 sleeping,   0 stopped,   4 zombie
%Cpu(s):  2.0 us,  0.5 sy,  0.0 ni, 97.5 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
KiB Mem:   2028240 total,  1777848 used,   250392 free,    81804 buffers
KiB Swap:  3905532 total,   156748 used,  3748784 free,   381456 cached

  PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S  %CPU %MEM    TIME+ COMMAND                                                                                                            
23768 ravisaiv  20   0 1428m 571m  41m S   2.3 28.9  14:27.52 firefox                                                                                                            
24182 ravisaiv  20   0  511m 132m  25m S   1.7  6.7   2:45.94 plugin-containe                                                                                                    
26929 ravisaiv  20   0  5344 1432  972 R   0.7  0.1   0:00.07 top                                                                                                                
24875 ravisaiv  20   0  263m  14m  10m S   0.3  0.7   0:02.76 lxterminal                                                                                                         
    1 root      20   0  3896 1928 1228 S   0.0  0.1   0:01.62 init                                                                                                               
    2 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.06 kthreadd                                                                                                           
    3 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:17.28 ksoftirqd/0                                                                                                        
    5 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kworker/0:0H                                                                                                       
    7 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kworker/u:0H                                                                                                       
    8 root      rt   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.12 migration/0                                                                                                        
    9 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 rcu_bh                                                                                                             
   10 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:26.94 rcu_sched                                                                                                          
   11 root      rt   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:01.95 watchdog/0                                                                                                         
   12 root      rt   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:02.00 watchdog/1                                                                                                         
   13 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:17.80 ksoftirqd/1                                                                                                        
   14 root      rt   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.12 migration/1                                                                                                        
   16 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kworker/1:0H                                                                                                       
   17 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 cpuset                                                                                                             
   18 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 khelper                                                                                                            
   19 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kdevtmpfs                                                                                                          
   20 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 netns                                                                                                              
   21 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.04 bdi-default                                                                                                        
   22 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kintegrityd                                                                                                        
   23 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kblockd                                                                                                            
   24 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 ata_sff

Gụọkwa: 12 TOP Command Examples

53. Iwu: mkfs.ext4

Iwu a na-emepụta usoro faịlụ ext4 ọhụrụ na ngwaọrụ a kapịrị ọnụ, ọ bụrụ na a na-agbaso ngwaọrụ na-ezighị ezi mgbe iwu a gasịrị, a ga-ehichapụ ihe mgbochi ahụ ma hazie ya, n'ihi ya, a na-atụ aro ka ị ghara ịme iwu a ma ọ bụrụ na ị ghọtara ihe ị na-eme.

Mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 (sda1 block will be formatted)
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 (sdb1 block will be formatted)

Gụkwuo: Gịnị bụ Ext4 na otu esi emepụta ma tụgharịa

54. Iwu: vi/emacs/nano

vi (visual), emacs, nano bụ ụfọdụ ndị editọ a na-ejikarị na Linux. A na-ejikarị ha dezie ederede, nhazi,… faịlụ. Ntuziaka ngwa ngwa maka ịrụ ọrụ gburugburu vi na nano bụ, emacs bụ a.

[[email  ~]$ touch a.txt (creates a text file a.txt) 
[[email  ~]$ vi a.txt (open a.txt with vi editor)

[pịa 'i' ka itinye ọnọdụ, ma ọ bụ na ị gaghị enwe ike pịnye ihe ọ bụla]

echo "Hello"  (your text here for the file)

  1. alt+x (wepu tinye mode, cheta idowe ụfọdụ oghere n'etiti mkpụrụedemede ikpeazụ.
  2. iwu ctrl+x ma ọ bụ okwu ikpeazụ gị ga-ehichapụ).
  3. : wq! ( na-echekwa faịlụ ahụ, yana ederede dị ugbu a, cheta '!' bụ ịkagbu).

[[email  ~]$ nano a.txt (open a.txt file to be edited with nano)
edit, with the content, required

ctrl +x (iji mechie nchịkọta akụkọ). Ọ ga-egosi mmepụta dị ka:

Save modified buffer (ANSWERING "No" WILL DESTROY CHANGES) ?                    
 Y Yes 
 N No           ^C Cancel

Pịa 'y' ka ee wee tinye aha faịlụ, ị mechara.

55. Iwu: rsync

Rsync na-eṅomi faịlụ ma nwee mgbanwe -P maka ogwe ọganihu. Yabụ ọ bụrụ na etinyere rsync, ịnwere ike iji utu aha dị mfe.

alias cp='rsync -aP'

Ugbu a gbalịa iṅomi nnukwu faịlụ na njedebe wee hụ mmepụta ya na ihe ndị fọdụrụ, dị ka ogwe ọganihu.

Ọzọkwa, Idokwa na Idokwa ndabere bụ otu n'ime ọrụ kachasị mkpa na nke na-agwụ ike onye na-ahụ maka sistemụ, kwesịrị ịrụ ya. Rsync bụ ngwá ọrụ mara mma (enwere, ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ) iji mepụta na idobe ndabere, na ọnụ.

[[email  ~]$ rsync -zvr IMG_5267\ copy\=33\ copy\=ok.jpg ~/Desktop/ 

sending incremental file list 
IMG_5267 copy=33 copy=ok.jpg 

sent 2883830 bytes  received 31 bytes  5767722.00 bytes/sec 
total size is 2882771  speedup is 1.00

Rịba ama: -z maka mkpakọ, -v maka verbose na -r maka ntughari.

56. Iwu: efu

Idobe ebe nchekwa na ihe onwunwe dị oke mkpa, dịka ọrụ ọ bụla nke onye nchịkwa na-arụ, yana iwu 'free' na-abịa napụta ebe a.

[[email  ~]$ free

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       2028240    1788272     239968          0      69468     363716
-/+ buffers/cache:    1355088     673152
Swap:      3905532     157076    3748456
[[email  ~]$ free -b

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:    2076917760 1838272512  238645248          0   71348224  372670464
-/+ buffers/cache: 1394253824  682663936
Swap:   3999264768  160845824 3838418944
[[email  ~]$ free -k

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       2028240    1801484     226756          0      69948     363704
-/+ buffers/cache:    1367832     660408
Swap:      3905532     157076    3748456
[[email  ~]$ free -m

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:          1980       1762        218          0         68        355
-/+ buffers/cache:       1338        641
Swap:         3813        153       3660
[[email  ~]$ free -g

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:             1          1          0          0          0          0
-/+ buffers/cache:          1          0
Swap:            3          0          3
[[email  ~]$ free -h

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:          1.9G       1.7G       208M         0B        68M       355M
-/+ buffers/cache:       1.3G       632M
Swap:         3.7G       153M       3.6G
[[email  ~]$ free -s 3

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       2028240    1824096     204144          0      70708     364180
-/+ buffers/cache:    1389208     639032
Swap:      3905532     157076    3748456

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       2028240    1824192     204048          0      70716     364212
-/+ buffers/cache:    1389264     638976
Swap:      3905532     157076    3748456

57. Iwu: mysqldump

Ọ dị mma ruo ugbu a, ị gaara aghọta ihe iwu a pụtara n'ezie, site na aha iwu a.mysqldump na-enye iwu ikpofu (ndabere) niile ma ọ bụ otu data nchekwa data n'ime faịlụ enyere. Dịka ọmụmaatụ,

[[email  ~]$ mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > /home/server/Desktop/backupfile.sql

Mara: mysqldump chọrọ mysql ka ọ na-agba ọsọ na paswọọdụ ziri ezi maka ikike. Anyị ejirila mysqldump Command kpuchie ụfọdụ iwu mysqldump bara uru na ndabere data.

58. Iwu: mkpasswd

Mepụta okwuntughe siri ike nghọta, nke ogologo dị ka akọwapụtara.

[[email  ~]$ mkpasswd -l 10

zI4+Ybqfx9
[[email  ~]$ mkpasswd -l 20 

w0Pr7aqKk&hmbmqdrlmk

Mara: -l 10 na-ewepụta paswọọdụ na-enweghị usoro nke mkpụrụedemede 10 ebe -l 20 na-ewepụta paswọọdụ agwa 20, enwere ike ịtọ ya na ihe ọ bụla iji nweta nsonaazụ achọrọ. Iwu a bara ezigbo uru yana etinyere ya n'asụsụ scripting maka iwepụta okwuntughe enweghị usoro. Ị nwere ike ịnwe yum ma ọ bụ dabara ngwungwu 'atụ anya' iji iwu a.

 yum install expect 
OR
 apt-get install expect

59. Iwu: tapawa

Jikọọ faịlụ ederede abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa na ahịrị iji. Ọmụmaatụ. Ọ bụrụ na ọdịnaya nke faịlụ 1 bụ:

1 
2 
3 

and file2 was: 

a 
b 
c 
d 
the resulting file3 would be: 

1    a 
2    b 
3    c 
     d

60.Iwu: lsof

lsof na-anọchi anya \depụta faịlụ mepere emepe wee gosipụta faịlụ niile nke sistemụ gị meghere ugbu a. Ọ bara ezigbo uru ịchọpụta usoro nke na-eji otu faịlụ, ma ọ bụ gosipụta faịlụ niile maka otu usoro ụfọdụ bara uru 10 lsof Command. ọmụmaatụ, ị nwere ike ịmasị ịgụ.

[[email  ~]$ lsof 

COMMAND     PID   TID            USER   FD      TYPE     DEVICE SIZE/OFF       NODE NAME
init          1                  root  cwd       DIR        8,1     4096          2 /
init          1                  root  rtd       DIR        8,1     4096          2 /
init          1                  root  txt       REG        8,1   227432     395571 /sbin/init
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    47080     263023 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_files-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    42672     270178 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_nis-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    87940     270187 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnsl-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    30560     263021 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_compat-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1   124637     270176 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libpthread-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1  1770984     266166 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    30696     262824 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/librt-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    34392     262867 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libjson.so.0.1.0
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1   296792     262889 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libdbus-1.so.3.7.2
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    34168     262840 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnih-dbus.so.1.0.0
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    95616     262848 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnih.so.1.0.0
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1   134376     270186 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/ld-2.17.so
init          1                  root    0u      CHR        1,3      0t0       1035 /dev/null
init          1                  root    1u      CHR        1,3      0t0       1035 /dev/null
init          1                  root    2u      CHR        1,3      0t0       1035 /dev/null
init          1                  root    3r     FIFO        0,8      0t0       1714 pipe
init          1                  root    4w     FIFO        0,8      0t0       1714 pipe
init          1                  root    5r     0000        0,9        0       6245 anon_inode
init          1                  root    6r     0000        0,9        0       6245 anon_inode
init          1                  root    7u     unix 0xf5e91f80      0t0       8192 @/com/ubuntu/upstart
init          1                  root    8w      REG        8,1     3916        394 /var/log/upstart/teamviewerd.log.1 (deleted)

Nke a abụghị njedebe, onye nchịkwa Sistemu na-eme ọtụtụ ihe, iji nye gị ọmarịcha interface dị otú ahụ, nke ị na-arụ ọrụ. Nchịkwa Sistemụ n'ezie bụ nka mmụta na itinye n'ọrụ n'ụzọ zuru oke. Anyị ga-agbalị ịnweta gị ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke onye ọkachamara Linux ga-amụtarịrị, linux na isi ya n'onwe ya, bụ usoro mmụta na mmụta. A na-achọ okwu ọma gị mgbe niile, nke na-agba anyị ume itinyekwu mgbalị iji nye gị akụkọ maara ihe.\Like na share Anyị, iji nyere anyị aka ịgbasa.