Iwu 20 dị elu maka ndị ọrụ Linux nke etiti
Ị nwere ike ịhụla akụkọ mbụ bara uru nke ukwuu, edemede a bụ ndọtị nke Iwu 20 bara uru maka Linux Newbies. Ezubere akụkọ mbụ maka ndị ọhụrụ na akụkọ a bụ maka ndị ọrụ etiti-ọkwa na ndị ọrụ dị elu. N'ebe a, ị ga-ahụ ka esi hazie ọchụchọ, mara usoro na-agba ọsọ ntuziaka iji gbuo ha, otu esi eme ka njedebe Linux gị na-arụpụta ihe bụ akụkụ dị mkpa na otu esi achịkọta c, c ++, mmemme java na nix.
21. Iwu: Chọta
Chọọ faịlụ n'ime ndekọ aha enyere, na-amalite n'usoro n'usoro ndekọ aha nne na nna wee kwaga na ngalaba ndekọ aha.
[email :~# find -name *.sh ./Desktop/load.sh ./Desktop/test.sh ./Desktop/shutdown.sh ./Binary/firefox/run-mozilla.sh ./Downloads/kdewebdev-3.5.8/quanta/scripts/externalpreview.sh ./Downloads/kdewebdev-3.5.8/admin/doxygen.sh ./Downloads/kdewebdev-3.5.8/admin/cvs.sh ./Downloads/kdewebdev-3.5.8/admin/ltmain.sh ./Downloads/wheezy-nv-install.sh
Cheta na: Nhọrọ \-name' na-eme ka ọnọdụ ọchụchọ ahụ dị nro. Ị nwere ike iji nhọrọ \-name' chọta ihe n'agbanyeghị ikpe ọ bụla. (* bụ akara ngosi ma na-enyocha faịlụ niile nwere ndọtị '.sh' ị nwere ike iji aha faịlụ ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke aha faịlụ iji hazie mmepụta).
[email :~# find -iname *.SH ( find -iname *.Sh / find -iname *.sH) ./Desktop/load.sh ./Desktop/test.sh ./Desktop/shutdown.sh ./Binary/firefox/run-mozilla.sh ./Downloads/kdewebdev-3.5.8/quanta/scripts/externalpreview.sh ./Downloads/kdewebdev-3.5.8/admin/doxygen.sh ./Downloads/kdewebdev-3.5.8/admin/cvs.sh ./Downloads/kdewebdev-3.5.8/admin/ltmain.sh ./Downloads/wheezy-nv-install.sh
[email :~# find -name *.tar.gz /var/www/modules/update/tests/aaa_update_test.tar.gz ./var/cache/flashplugin-nonfree/install_flash_player_11_linux.i386.tar.gz ./home/server/Downloads/drupal-7.22.tar.gz ./home/server/Downloads/smtp-7.x-1.0.tar.gz ./home/server/Downloads/noreqnewpass-7.x-1.2.tar.gz ./usr/share/gettext/archive.git.tar.gz ./usr/share/doc/apg/php.tar.gz ./usr/share/doc/festival/examples/speech_pm_1.0.tar.gz ./usr/share/doc/argyll/examples/spyder2.tar.gz ./usr/share/usb_modeswitch/configPack.tar.gz
Mara: Iwu a dị n'elu na-achọ faịlụ niile nwere ndọtị 'tar.gz'na ndekọ mgbọrọgwụ yana akwụkwọ ndekọ aha niile gụnyere ngwaọrụ etinyere.
Gụkwuo ihe atụ nke Linux 'chọta' iwu na 35 Chọta Ihe Nlereanya Iwu na Linux
22. Iwu: grep
Iwu 'grep' na-achọ faịlụ enyere maka ahịrị nwere ndakọrịta na eriri ma ọ bụ okwu enyere. Chọọ '/etc/passwd' maka onye ọrụ 'tecmint'.
[email :~# grep tecmint /etc/passwd tecmint:x:1000:1000:Tecmint,,,:/home/tecmint:/bin/bash
Ileghara okwu ikpe na nchikota ndị ọzọ niile na nhọrọ '-i'.
[email :~# grep -i TECMINT /etc/passwd tecmint:x:1000:1000:Tecmint,,,:/home/tecmint:/bin/bash
Chọọ ugboro ugboro (-r) ya bụ gụọ faịlụ niile n'okpuru akwụkwọ ndekọ aha ọ bụla maka eriri 127.0.0.1.
[email :~# grep -r "127.0.0.1" /etc/ /etc/vlc/lua/http/.hosts:127.0.0.1 /etc/speech-dispatcher/modules/ivona.conf:#IvonaServerHost "127.0.0.1" /etc/mysql/my.cnf:bind-address = 127.0.0.1 /etc/apache2/mods-available/status.conf: Allow from 127.0.0.1 ::1 /etc/apache2/mods-available/ldap.conf: Allow from 127.0.0.1 ::1 /etc/apache2/mods-available/info.conf: Allow from 127.0.0.1 ::1 /etc/apache2/mods-available/proxy_balancer.conf:# Allow from 127.0.0.1 ::1 /etc/security/access.conf:#+ : root : 127.0.0.1 /etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf:#prepend domain-name-servers 127.0.0.1; /etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf:# option domain-name-servers 127.0.0.1; /etc/init/network-interface.conf: ifconfig lo 127.0.0.1 up || true /etc/java-6-openjdk/net.properties:# localhost & 127.0.0.1). /etc/java-6-openjdk/net.properties:# http.nonProxyHosts=localhost|127.0.0.1 /etc/java-6-openjdk/net.properties:# localhost & 127.0.0.1). /etc/java-6-openjdk/net.properties:# ftp.nonProxyHosts=localhost|127.0.0.1 /etc/hosts:127.0.0.1 localhost
Mara: Ị nwere ike iji nhọrọ ndị a yana grep.
- -w maka okwu (egrep -w 'word1|word2' /path/to/file).
- -c maka ịgụta (ya bụ, ngụkọta oge nke ụkpụrụ ahụ dabara) (grep -c 'okwu' /path/to/file).
- – agba maka mmepụta agba (grep –color server /etc/passwd)
23. Iwu: nwoke
'Nwoke' bụ akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke usoro. Mmadụ na-enye akwụkwọ ntanetị maka nhọrọ niile nwere ike iji iwu na ojiji ya. Fọrọ nke nta ka iwu niile na-abịa na ibe akwụkwọ ntuziaka kwekọrọ. Ọmụmaatụ,
[email :~# man man
MAN(1) Manual pager utils MAN(1)
NAME
man - an interface to the on-line reference manuals
SYNOPSIS
man [-C file] [-d] [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding] [-L locale] [-m system[,...]] [-M path] [-S list] [-e extension] [-i|-I]
[--regex|--wildcard] [--names-only] [-a] [-u] [--no-subpages] [-P pager] [-r prompt] [-7] [-E encoding] [--no-hyphenation] [--no-justification] [-p
string] [-t] [-T[device]] [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z] [[section] page ...] ...
man -k [apropos options] regexp ...
man -K [-w|-W] [-S list] [-i|-I] [--regex] [section] term ...
man -f [whatis options] page ...
man -l [-C file] [-d] [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding] [-L locale] [-P pager] [-r prompt] [-7] [-E encoding] [-p string] [-t] [-T[device]]
[-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z] file ...
man -w|-W [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
man -c [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
man [-hV]Ibe akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ibe mmadụ n'onwe ya, n'otu aka ahụ 'mmadụ pusi' (akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka iwu ls).
Mara: Ezubere ibe mmadụ maka ntụnye aka na mmụta.
24. Iwu: ps
ps (Usoro) na-enye ọkwa nke usoro ịgba ọsọ na ID pụrụ iche a na-akpọ PID.
[email :~# ps PID TTY TIME CMD 4170 pts/1 00:00:00 bash 9628 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
Iji depụta ọkwa nke usoro niile yana id na PID, jiri nhọrọ '-A'.
[email :~# ps -A
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:01 init
2 ? 00:00:00 kthreadd
3 ? 00:00:01 ksoftirqd/0
5 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:0H
7 ? 00:00:00 kworker/u:0H
8 ? 00:00:00 migration/0
9 ? 00:00:00 rcu_bh
....
Mara: Iwu a bara ezigbo uru mgbe ịchọrọ ịma usoro ndị na-agba ọsọ ma ọ bụ nwee ike ịchọ PID mgbe ụfọdụ, maka igbu usoro. Ị nwere ike iji ya jiri iwu 'grep' chọta mmepụta ahaziri ahazi. Ọmụmaatụ,
[email :~# ps -A | grep -i ssh 1500 ? 00:09:58 sshd 4317 ? 00:00:00 sshd
N'ebe a, 'ps' na-eji iwu 'grep' mee ihe iji chọta mmepụta ahaziri na mkpa nke mkpa anyị.
25. Iwu: igbu
OK, ị nwere ike ịghọta ihe iwu a bụ maka, site na aha iwu ahụ. A na-eji iwu a gbuo usoro na-adabaghị ugbu a ma ọ bụ anaghị azaghachi. Ọ bụ iwu bara uru, kama ọ bụ iwu bara uru nke ukwuu. Ị nwere ike ịmara na windo na-amalitegharị ugboro ugboro n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ oge usoro na-agba ọsọ enweghị ike igbu ya, ma ọ bụrụ na e gbuo ya, ọ ga-achọ windo ịmalitegharịa ka e wee nwee ike ịme mgbanwe n'ime ụwa nke Linux, ọ dịghị ihe ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ebe a, ị nwere ike igbu usoro wee malite ya na-enweghị ịmalitegharị usoro ahụ dum.
Ị chọrọ pid (ps) usoro iji gbuo ya.
Ka e were ya na ịchọrọ igbu mmemme 'apache2' nke nwere ike ọ gaghị aza. Gbaa 'ps-A' yana iwu grep.
[email :~# ps -A | grep -i apache2 1285 ? 00:00:00 apache2
Chọta usoro 'apache2', rịba ama pid ya wee gbuo ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ọnọdụ m 'apache2' pid bụ '1285'.
[email :~# kill 1285 (to kill the process apache2)
Rịba ama: Oge ọ bụla ị na-emegharị usoro ma ọ bụ malite usoro, a na-emepụta pid ọhụrụ maka usoro ọ bụla ma ị nwere ike ịma banyere usoro na-agba ọsọ ugbu a na pid ya site na iji iwu 'ps'.
Ụzọ ọzọ isi gbuo otu usoro ahụ bụ.
[email :~# pkill apache2
Mara: Kill chọrọ id/usoro id ọrụ maka izipu akara, ebe dị na pkill, ị nwere nhọrọ nke iji ụkpụrụ, ịkọwa onye nwe usoro, wdg.
26. Iwu: ebe
A na-eji iwu 'whereis' chọta ọnụọgụ abụọ, isi mmalite na ibe akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke iwu ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịchọta ọnụọgụ abụọ, isi mmalite na ibe akwụkwọ ntuziaka 'ls' na 'egbu'.
[email :~# whereis ls ls: /bin/ls /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz
[email :~# whereis kill kill: /bin/kill /usr/share/man/man2/kill.2.gz /usr/share/man/man1/kill.1.gz
Mara: Nke a bara uru ịmara ebe etinyere ọnụọgụ abụọ maka edezi akwụkwọ ntuziaka mgbe ụfọdụ.
27. Iwu: ọrụ
Iwu 'ọrụ' na-achịkwa Mmalite, Nkwụsị ma ọ bụ Mmalite nke 'ọrụ'. Iwu a na-eme ka o kwe omume ịmalite, malitegharịa ma ọ bụ kwụsị ọrụ na-enweghị ịmalitegharị usoro ahụ, maka mgbanwe ndị a na-arụ ọrụ.
[email :~# service apache2 start * Starting web server apache2 apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName httpd (pid 1285) already running [ OK ]
[email :~# service apache2 restart * Restarting web server apache2 apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName ... waiting .apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName [ OK ]
[email :~# service apache2 stop * Stopping web server apache2 apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName ... waiting [ OK ]
Rịba ama: Usoro usoro niile dị na '/etc/init.d', na ụzọ ahụ nwere ike ịdị mkpa ka etinye ya na usoro ụfọdụ, ya bụ, n'agbanyeghị na-agba ọsọ \service apache2 start a ga-agwa gị ka ịmee \/ etc/init.d/apache2 malite”.
28. Iwu: utu
utu aha bụ wuru n'iwu shei nke na-ahapụ gị ikenye aha maka ogologo iwu ma ọ bụ iwu a na-ejikarị.
M na-eji 'ls -l' iwu ugboro ugboro, nke gụnyere mkpụrụedemede 5 gụnyere oghere. N'ihi ya, m kere utu aha maka nke a 'l'.
[email :~# alias l='ls -l'
lelee ma ọ na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ na ọ naghị arụ ọrụ.
[email :~# l total 36 drwxr-xr-x 3 tecmint tecmint 4096 May 10 11:14 Binary drwxr-xr-x 3 tecmint tecmint 4096 May 21 11:21 Desktop drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 May 21 15:23 Documents drwxr-xr-x 8 tecmint tecmint 4096 May 20 14:56 Downloads drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 May 7 16:58 Music drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 May 20 16:17 Pictures drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 May 7 16:58 Public drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 May 7 16:58 Templates drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 May 7 16:58 Videos
Iji wepu utu aha 'l', jiri iwu 'unalias' na-esonụ.
[email :~# unalias l
lelee, ma ọ bụrụ na 'l' ka bụ utu aha ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị.
[email :~# l bash: l: command not found
Na-eme ntakịrị ihe ọchị site na iwu a. Mee utu aha nke ụfọdụ iwu dị mkpa nye iwu ọzọ dị mkpa.
alias cd='ls -l' (set alias of ls -l to cd) alias su='pwd' (set alias of pwd to su) .... (You can create your own) ....
Ugbu a mgbe enyi gị pịnyere 'cd', chee echiche ka ọ ga-abụ ihe ọchị mgbe ọ nwetara ndepụta ndekọ na ọ bụghị mgbanwe ndekọ. Na mgbe ọ na-agbalị ịbụ 'su' ihe ọ na-enweta bụ ebe ndekọ ndekọ ọrụ. Ị nwere ike wepu aha ya ma emechaa jiri iwu 'unalias' dị ka akọwara n'elu.
29. Iwu: df
Kpesa ojiji disk nke sistemu faịlụ. Ọ bara uru maka onye ọrụ yana onye nchịkwa Sistemu iji debe usoro ojiji diski ha. 'df' na-arụ ọrụ site n'inyocha ndenye ndekọ, nke a na-emelitekarị naanị mgbe emechiri faịlụ.
[email :~# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 47929224 7811908 37675948 18% / none 4 0 4 0% /sys/fs/cgroup udev 1005916 4 1005912 1% /dev tmpfs 202824 816 202008 1% /run none 5120 0 5120 0% /run/lock none 1014120 628 1013492 1% /run/shm none 102400 44 102356 1% /run/user /dev/sda5 184307 79852 94727 46% /boot /dev/sda7 95989516 61104 91045676 1% /data /dev/sda8 91953192 57032 87218528 1% /personal
Maka ọmụmaatụ ndị ọzọ nke iwu 'df', gụọ akụkọ 12 df Command Examples na Linux.
30. Iwu: du
Tụlee ohere ohere faịlụ. Wepụta nchịkọta nke ojiji diski site na faịlụ n'usoro oge ọ bụla, ya bụ, n'ụzọ na-agbanwe agbanwe.
[email :~# du 8 ./Daily Pics/wp-polls/images/default_gradient 8 ./Daily Pics/wp-polls/images/default 32 ./Daily Pics/wp-polls/images 8 ./Daily Pics/wp-polls/tinymce/plugins/polls/langs 8 ./Daily Pics/wp-polls/tinymce/plugins/polls/img 28 ./Daily Pics/wp-polls/tinymce/plugins/polls 32 ./Daily Pics/wp-polls/tinymce/plugins 36 ./Daily Pics/wp-polls/tinymce 580 ./Daily Pics/wp-polls 1456 ./Daily Pics 36 ./Plugins/wordpress-author-box 16180 ./Plugins 12 ./May Articles 2013/Xtreme Download Manager 4632 ./May Articles 2013/XCache
Mara: 'df' na-akọ naanị ọnụ ọgụgụ ojiji na sistemu faịlụ, ebe 'du', n'aka nke ọzọ, na-atụle ọdịnaya ndekọ. Maka ihe atụ na ojiji 'du' iwu ọzọ, gụọ Iwu 10 du (Useji Disk).
31. Iwu: rm
Iwu 'rm' na-anọchi anya iwepụ. A na-eji rm wepụ faịlụ (s) na akwụkwọ ndekọ aha.
[email :~# rm PassportApplicationForm_Main_English_V1.0 rm: cannot remove `PassportApplicationForm_Main_English_V1.0': Is a directory
Enweghị ike iwepụ ndekọ ahụ naanị site na iwu 'rm', ị ga-eji '-rf' ịgbanwee yana 'rm'.
[email :~# rm -rf PassportApplicationForm_Main_English_V1.0
Ịdọ aka ná ntị: iwu \rm -rf bụ iwu na-emebi emebi ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-eme ya na ndekọ na-ezighi ezi. jiri nlezianya mee ihe.
32. Iwu: mgbaba
ikwughachi dị ka aha na-atụ aro na-emegharị ederede na mmepụta ọkọlọtọ. O nweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na shei, ma ọ bụ shei anaghị agụ mmepụta nke iwu nkwughachi. Otú ọ dị na edemede mmekọrịta, echo na-ebufe onye ọrụ ozi ahụ site na njedebe. Ọ bụ otu n'ime iwu a na-ejikarị na scripting, mmekọrịta scripting.
[email :~# echo "linux-console.net is a very good website" linux-console.net is a very good website
1. mepụta faịlụ, aha ya bụ 'interactive_shell.sh' na desktọpụ. (Cheta '.sh' ndọtị kwesịrị).
2. idetuo na mado n'okpuru script, kpọmkwem otu, dị ka n'okpuru.
#!/bin/bash echo "Please enter your name:" read name echo "Welcome to Linux $name"
Na-esote, tọọ ikike mebie ma mee edemede ahụ.
[email :~# chmod 777 interactive_shell.sh
[email :~# ./interactive_shell.sh Please enter your name: Ravi Saive Welcome to Linux Ravi Saive
Mara: '#!/bin/bash' na-agwa shea na ọ bụ edemede na ọ na-adị mma mgbe niile itinye ya n'elu edemede. 'gụọ' na-agụ ntinye enyere.
33. Iwu: passwd
Nke a bụ iwu dị mkpa bara uru maka ịgbanwe paswọọdụ nkeonwe na ọnụ. O doro anya na ị kwesịrị ịma passowrd gị ugbu a maka ebumnuche nchekwa.
[email :~# passwd Changing password for tecmint. (current) UNIX password: ******** Enter new UNIX password: ******** Retype new UNIX password: ******** Password unchanged [Here was passowrd remians unchanged, i.e., new password=old password] Enter new UNIX password: ##### Retype new UNIX password:#####
34. Iwu: lpr
Iwu a bipụta faịlụ aha n'ahịrị iwu, gaa na ngwa nbipute akpọrọ.
[email :~# lpr -P deskjet-4620-series 1-final.pdf
Rịba ama: Iwu 'lpq' na-enye gị ohere ịlele ọkwa nke ngwa nbipute (ma ọ dị elu ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị), yana ọrụ (faịlụ) na-echere ka ebipụta ya.
35. Iwu: cmp
tụnyere faịlụ abụọ nke ụdị ọ bụla wee dee nsonaazụ ya na mmepụta ọkọlọtọ. Site na ndabara, 'cmp' na-eweghachi 0 ma ọ bụrụ na faịlụ ahụ bụ otu; ọ bụrụ na ha dị iche, a na-akọ ọnụọgụ byte na akara akara nke mbụ dị iche.
Iji nye ọmụmaatụ maka iwu a, ka anyị tụlee faịlụ abụọ:
[email :~# cat file1.txt Hi My name is Tecmint
[email :~# cat file2.txt Hi My name is tecmint [dot] com
Ugbu a, ka anyị tụlee faịlụ abụọ ma hụ mmepụta nke iwu ahụ.
[email :~# cmp file1.txt file2.txt file1.txt file2.txt differ: byte 15, line 1
36. Iwu: wget
Wget bụ ngwa n'efu maka enweghị mmekọrịta (ya bụ, nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na ndabere) nbudata faịlụ site na Weebụ. Ọ na-akwado HTTP, HTTPS, FTP proxies na HTTP proxies.
[email :~# wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/ffmpeg-php/ffmpeg-php/0.6.0/ffmpeg-php-0.6.0.tbz2 --2013-05-22 18:54:52-- http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/ffmpeg-php/ffmpeg-php/0.6.0/ffmpeg-php-0.6.0.tbz2 Resolving downloads.sourceforge.net (downloads.sourceforge.net)... 216.34.181.59 Connecting to downloads.sourceforge.net (downloads.sourceforge.net)|216.34.181.59|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 302 Found Location: http://kaz.dl.sourceforge.net/project/ffmpeg-php/ffmpeg-php/0.6.0/ffmpeg-php-0.6.0.tbz2 [following] --2013-05-22 18:54:54-- http://kaz.dl.sourceforge.net/project/ffmpeg-php/ffmpeg-php/0.6.0/ffmpeg-php-0.6.0.tbz2 Resolving kaz.dl.sourceforge.net (kaz.dl.sourceforge.net)... 92.46.53.163 Connecting to kaz.dl.sourceforge.net (kaz.dl.sourceforge.net)|92.46.53.163|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 275557 (269K) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: ‘ffmpeg-php-0.6.0.tbz2’ 100%[===========================================================================>] 2,75,557 67.8KB/s in 4.0s 2013-05-22 18:55:00 (67.8 KB/s) - ‘ffmpeg-php-0.6.0.tbz2’ saved [275557/275557]
37. Iwu: ugwu
Ugwu bụ iwu dị mkpa nke a na-eji ebulite sistemụ faịlụ na-anaghị ebuli onwe ya. Ị chọrọ ikike mgbọrọgwụ iji bulie ngwaọrụ.
Buru ụzọ mee 'lsblk' mgbe ịtinyechara sistemụ faịlụ gị wee chọpụta ngwaọrụ gị wee detuo aha e kenyere ngwaọrụ gị.
[email :~# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 923.6G 0 part / ├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part └─sda5 8:5 0 7.9G 0 part [SWAP] sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom sdb 8:16 1 3.7G 0 disk └─sdb1 8:17 1 3.7G 0 part
Site na ihuenyo a, o doro anya na etinyere m pendrive 4 GB yabụ 'sdb1'bụ sistemụ faịlụ m ga-ebunye. Bụrụ mgbọrọgwụ iji rụọ ọrụ a wee gbanwee gaa na/dev ndekọ ebe etinyere sistemụ faịlụ niile.
[email :~# su Password:
[email :~# cd /dev
Mepụta ndekọ aha ọ bụla mana kwesịrị ịdị mkpa maka ntụnye aka.
[email :~# mkdir usb
Ugbu a tinye faịlụ 'sdb1' na ndekọ 'usb'.
[email :~# mount /dev/sdb1 /dev/usb
Ugbu a ị nwere ike ịnyagharịa gaa/dev/usb site na ọnụ ma ọ bụ sistemụ X-windows wee nweta faịlụ site na ndekọ ndekọ.
38. Iwu: gcc
gcc bụ ihe nchikota arụrụ arụ maka asụsụ 'c' na Linux Environment. Mmemme c dị mfe, chekwaa ya na desktọpụ anyị ka Hello.c (cheta '.c' ndọtị kwesịrị).
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello world\n");
return 0;
}[email :~# gcc Hello.c
[email :~# ./a.out Hello world
Rịba ama: Mgbe ị na-achịkọta mmemme c, a na-emepụta mmepụta na-akpaghị aka na faịlụ ọhụrụ \a.out na oge ọ bụla i chịkọtara c programmụ otu faịlụ a.out na-agbanwe. N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ndụmọdụ dị mma ịkọwapụta faịlụ mmepụta n'oge a na-achịkọta ya na ọ dịghị ihe ize ndụ nke idegharị na faịlụ mmepụta.
[email :~# gcc -o Hello Hello.c
Ebe a '-o' na-eziga mmepụta na faịlụ 'Ndewo' ọ bụghị 'a.out'. Gbaa ya ọzọ.
[email :~# ./Hello Hello world
39. Iwu: g++
g++ bụ ihe nchikota arụrụ n'ime maka 'C++', asụsụ mmemme na-adabere na ihe mbụ. Mmemme c ++ dị mfe, chekwaa ya na desktọpụ anyị dị ka Add.cpp (cheta '.cpp'mgbakwunye kwesịrị).
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a;
int b;
cout<<"Enter first number:\n";
cin >> a;
cout <<"Enter the second number:\n";
cin>> b;
cin.ignore();
int result = a + b;
cout<<"Result is"<<" "<<result<<endl;
cin.get();
return 0;
}[email :~# g++ Add.cpp
[email :~# ./a.out Enter first number: ... ...
Cheta na: Mgbe ị na-achịkọta mmemme c++, a na-emepụta mmepụta na-akpaghị aka na faịlụ ọhụrụ \a.out na oge ọ bụla ị na-achịkọta mmemme c++, otu faịlụ ahụ na-agbanwe. N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ndụmọdụ dị mma ịkọwapụta faịlụ mmepụta n'oge a na-achịkọta ya na ọ dịghị ihe ize ndụ nke idegharị na faịlụ mmepụta.
[email :~# g++ -o Add Add.cpp
[email :~# ./Add Enter first number: ... ...
40. Iwu: java
Java bụ otu n'ime asụsụ mmemme a na-eji nke ọma n'ụwa, a na-ahụta ya ngwa ngwa, nchekwa na ntụkwasị obi. Ọtụtụ ọrụ dabere na webụ taa na-agba na java.
Mepụta mmemme java dị mfe site na ịpịnye ule dị n'okpuru na faịlụ, akpọrọ tecmint.java (cheta '.java' ndọtị kwesịrị).
class tecmint {
public static void main(String[] arguments) {
System.out.println("Tecmint ");
}
}r[email :~# javac tecmint.java
[email :~# java tecmint
Mara: Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nkesa ọ bụla na-abịa na gcc compiler, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke distros nwere g ++ na java compiler, ebe ụfọdụ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe. Ị nwere ike dabara ma ọ bụ mee ka ngwugwu achọrọ.
Echefula ịkpọ okwu gị bara uru na ụdị akụkọ ịchọrọ ịhụ ebe a. N'oge na-adịghị anya, m ga-alọghachi na isiokwu na-adọrọ mmasị gbasara eziokwu ndị amachaghị gbasara Linux.