Iwu 20 maka ndị ọhụrụ si na Windows gaa na Linux
Yabụ na ị na-eme atụmatụ ịgbanwe site na Windows gaa na Linux, ma ọ bụ ka ị gbanweela na Linux? Ehee!!! ihe m na-aju! Kedu ihe ọzọ kpatara ị ga-eji nọrọ ebe a.
[Ị nwekwara ike ịmasị: Otu m si na Windows gaa na Linux Mint]
Site na ahụmịhe m gara aga mgbe m dị ọhụrụ, cheta ma buru iwu n'isi ka m wee jiri Linux rụọ ọrụ nke ọma.
Obi abụọ adịghị ya na akwụkwọ ntanetị, iwu Linux bụ isi n'asụsụ dị mfe ịmụta na ịghọta. Ndị a kpaliri m Master Linux na ime ka ọ dị mfe iji. Edemede a bụ nzọụkwụ maka ya.
1. Iwu: ls
Iwu ls na-anọchi anya (Ndepụta ọdịnaya ndekọ), Depụta ọdịnaya nke folda ahụ, ma ọ bụ faịlụ ma ọ bụ nchekwa, nke ọ na-esi na ya na-agba.
[email :~# ls Android-Games Music Pictures Public Desktop linux-console.net Documents TecMint-Sync Downloads Templates
Iwu ls -l depụtara ọdịnaya nke folda ahụ, n'ụdị ndepụta ogologo.
[email :~# ls -l total 40588 drwxrwxr-x 2 ravisaive ravisaive 4096 May 8 01:06 Android Games drwxr-xr-x 2 ravisaive ravisaive 4096 May 15 10:50 Desktop drwxr-xr-x 2 ravisaive ravisaive 4096 May 16 16:45 Documents drwxr-xr-x 6 ravisaive ravisaive 4096 May 16 14:34 Downloads drwxr-xr-x 2 ravisaive ravisaive 4096 Apr 30 20:50 Music drwxr-xr-x 2 ravisaive ravisaive 4096 May 9 17:54 Pictures drwxrwxr-x 5 ravisaive ravisaive 4096 May 3 18:44 linux-console.net drwxr-xr-x 2 ravisaive ravisaive 4096 Apr 30 20:50 Templates
Iwu ls-a, depụta ọdịnaya nke folda, gụnyere faịlụ zoro ezo na-amalite na ..
[email :~# ls -a . .gnupg .dbus .adobe deja-dup .grsync .gstreamer-0.10 .mtpaint .thumbnails .HotShots .mysql_history .htaccess .profile .bash_history .icons .jedit .pulse .bashrc .Xauthority .gconf .local .gftp .macromedia .remmina .ssh .xsession-errors .compiz .xsession-errors.old .config .gnome2
Cheta na: N'aha faịlụ Linux na-amalite na '.' zoro ezo. Na Linux, faịlụ/nchekwa/ngwaọrụ/iwu ọ bụla bụ faịlụ. Nsonaazụ ls-l bụ:
- d (na-eguzo maka ndekọ aha).
- rwxr-xr-x bụ ikike faịlụ nke faịlụ/nchekwa maka onye nwe, otu na ụwa.
- Ihe nhụsianya nke mbụ n'ihe atụ dị n'elu pụtara na ọ bụ onye ọrụ ravisaive nwere faịlụ a.
- Mkparịta ụka nke abụọ n'ihe atụ dị n'elu pụtara na faịlụ a bụ nke onye ọrụ ravisaive.
- 4096 pụtara nha faịlụ bụ 4096 Bytes.
- Mee 8 01:06 bụ ụbọchị na oge mgbanwe ikpeazụ.
- Na ngwụcha bụ aha Faịlụ/Nchekwa.
Maka ọmụmaatụ iwu “ls” ndị ọzọ gụọ usoro isiokwu anyị:
- 15 Basic ls Command Examples na Linux
- 7 Quirky 'ls' Iwu aghụghọ Onye ọrụ Linux ọ bụla kwesịrị ịma
- Otu esi hazie nsonaazụ 'ls' Site na ụbọchị na oge gbanwechara ikpeazụ
- Etu esi edepụta faịlụ niile ejiri nha nha na Linux
2. Iwu: lsblk
lsblk na-anọchi anya (List Block Devices), bipụta ngwaọrụ ngọngọ site na aha e kenyere ha (ma ọ bụghị RAM) na mmepụta ọkọlọtọ n'ụdị osisi.
[email :~# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 232.9G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 46.6G 0 part / ├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 190M 0 part /boot ├─sda6 8:6 0 3.7G 0 part [SWAP] ├─sda7 8:7 0 93.1G 0 part /data └─sda8 8:8 0 89.2G 0 part /personal sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
Ndepụta iwu “lsblk -l” na-egbochi ngwaọrụ n'ime usoro 'ndepụta' (ọ bụghị ejiji dị ka osisi).
[email :~# lsblk -l NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 232.9G 0 disk sda1 8:1 0 46.6G 0 part / sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part sda5 8:5 0 190M 0 part /boot sda6 8:6 0 3.7G 0 part [SWAP] sda7 8:7 0 93.1G 0 part /data sda8 8:8 0 89.2G 0 part /personal sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
Cheta na: lsblk bụ ụzọ bara uru na nke kachasị mfe iji mara aha New Usb Device ị ka etinyere na ya, karịsịa mgbe ị ga-emeri diski/blocks na njedebe.
[Ị nwekwara ike ịmasị: Iwu 10 bara uru ịnakọta ozi sistemụ na ngwaike na Linux]
3. Iwu: md5sum
md5sum na-anọchi anya (Compute na Check MD5 Message-Digest), md5 checksum (a na-akpọkarị hash) iji kwado ma ọ bụ nyochaa iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke faịlụ ndị nwere ike gbanwee n'ihi nnyefe faịlụ na-ezighi ezi, njehie diski. , ma ọ bụ nnyonye anya na-abụghị nke obi ọjọọ.
[email :~# md5sum teamviewer_linux.deb 47790ed345a7b7970fc1f2ac50c97002 teamviewer_linux.deb
Mara: Onye ọrụ nwere ike dakọtara md5sum emepụtara yana nke enyere n'ihu ọha. A na-ahụta Md5sum dị ka obere nchekwa karịa sha1sum, nke anyị ga-atụle ma emechaa.
4. Iwu: dd
Iwu “dd” na-anọchi anya (Tụgharịa ma detuo faịlụ), enwere ike iji gbanwee ma detuo faịlụ na ọtụtụ oge a na-eji detuo faịlụ iso (ma ọ bụ faịlụ ọ bụla) na ngwaọrụ usb (ma ọ bụ ebe ọ bụla ọzọ). ), yabụ enwere ike iji mee mkpanaka USB nwere ike ibugharị.
# dd if=/home/user/Downloads/debian.iso of=/dev/sdb1 bs=512M; sync
Mara: N'ihe atụ dị n'elu, ngwaọrụ USB kwesịrị ịbụ sdb1 (Ị ga-enyocha ya site na iji iwu lsblk, ma ọ bụghị ya, ị ga-edegharị diski gị na OS), jiri aha diski ahụ nke ọma !!!.
dd iwu na-ewe oge site na sekọnd ole na ole ruo ọtụtụ nkeji na mmezu, dabere na nha na ụdị faịlụ wee gụọ ma dee ọsọ nke Usb stick.
[Ị nwekwara ike ịmasị: Otu esi emechi nkebi na Linux Iji dd Command]
5. Iwu: uname
Iwu “uname” pụtara (Aha Unix), bipụta ozi zuru ezu gbasara aha igwe, Sistemụ arụmọrụ na kernel.
[email :~# uname -a Linux tecmint 3.8.0-19-generic #30-Ubuntu SMP Wed May 1 16:36:13 UTC 2013 i686 i686 i686 GNU/Linux
Mara: enweghị aha na-egosi ụdị kernel. uname - a mmepụta ozi zuru ezu. Na-akọwapụta nsonaazụ uname -a dị n'elu.
- “Linux”: Aha kernel igwe.
- “tecment”: Aha ọnụ igwe.
- “3.8.0-19-generic“: Ntọhapụ kernel.
- “#30-Ubuntu SMP“: Ụdị kernel.
- “i686“: Ihe owuwu nke ihe nrụpụta.
- “GNU/Linux“: Aha sistemụ arụmọrụ.
6. Iwu: akụkọ ihe mere eme
Iwu akụkọ ihe mere eme na-anọchi anya ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme (Ihe omume), ọ na-ebipụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndepụta ogologo nke iwu egburu na njedebe.
[email :~# history 1 sudo add-apt-repository ppa:tualatrix/ppa 2 sudo apt-get update 3 sudo apt-get install ubuntu-tweak 4 sudo add-apt-repository ppa:diesch/testing 5 sudo apt-get update 6 sudo apt-get install indicator-privacy 7 sudo add-apt-repository ppa:atareao/atareao 8 sudo apt-get update 9 sudo apt-get install my-weather-indicator 10 pwd 11 cd && sudo cp -r unity/6 /usr/share/unity/ 12 cd /usr/share/unity/icons/ 13 cd /usr/share/unity
Mara: Pịa “Ctrl + R” wee chọọ iwu emechara nke na-eme ka iwu gị mechaa ya na njirimara mmecha akpaaka.
(reverse-i-search)`if': ifconfig
[Ị nwekwara ike ịmasị: Tọọ ụbọchị na oge maka iwu ọ bụla ị na-eme na akụkọ Bash]
7. Iwu: sudo
Iwu “sudo” (superuser do) na-enye onye ọrụ ikike ikike ime iwu dị ka onye nlekọta ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ ọzọ, dị ka amụma nchekwa akọwapụtara na ndepụta sudoers.
[email :~# sudo add-apt-repository ppa:tualatrix/ppa
Mara: sudo na-enye ndị ọrụ ohere ịgbazite ikike superuser, ebe iwu yiri 'su' na-enye ndị ọrụ ohere ịbanye dị ka onye nlekọta. Sudo dị nchebe karịa su.
[Ị nwekwara ike ịmasị: Nhazi Sudoers 10 bara uru maka ịtọ 'sudo' na Linux]
A naghị atụ aro ka iji sudo ma ọ bụ su maka iji ya eme ihe kwa ụbọchị, n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ịkpata njehie dị njọ ma ọ bụrụ na i mere ihe na-ezighị ezi, ya mere otu okwu na-ewu ewu na obodo Linux bụ:
“To err is human, but to really foul up everything, you need a root password.”
8. Iwu: mkdir
Iwu mkdir (mee ndekọ) na-emepụta ndekọ ọhụrụ nwere ụzọ aha. Agbanyeghị na ndekọ ahụ adịlarị, ọ ga-eweghachi ozi njehie\enweghị ike ịmepụta folda, nchekwa adịlarị.
[email :~# mkdir tecmint
Mara: Enwere ike ịmepụta ndekọ naanị n'ime folda ebe onye ọrụ ga-ede ikike. mkdir: enweghị ike ịmepụta ndekọ \tecmint': faịlụ dị.
(Edola mgbagwoju anya na faịlụ na mmepụta dị n'elu, ị nwere ike icheta ihe m kwuru na mmalite - Na Linux, faịlụ ọ bụla, nchekwa, mbanye, iwu, edemede na-ewere dị ka faịlụ).
[I nwekwara ike ịmasị gị: Nkọwa nke \Ihe niile bụ faịlụ na ụdị faịlụ na Linux]
9. Iwu: aka
Iwu mmetụ ahụ na-anọchi anya (melite ohere na oge mgbanwe nke FILE ọ bụla ruo oge ugbu a). iwu mmetụ na-emepụta faịlụ ahụ, naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị. Ọ bụrụ na faịlụ adịlarị ọ ga-emelite timestamp ọ bụghị ọdịnaya nke faịlụ ahụ.
[email :~# touch tecmintfile
Mara: Enwere ike iji metụ aka mepụta faịlụ n'okpuru ndekọ aha, nke onye ọrụ ga-ede ikike, naanị ma ọ bụrụ na faịlụ adịghị ebe ahụ.
10. Iwu: chmod
Iwu Linux “chmod” na-anọchi anya (gbanwee bits mode faịlụ). chmod na-agbanwe ọnọdụ faịlụ (ikike) nke faịlụ ọ bụla enyere, nchekwa, edemede, wdg. dị ka ọnọdụ a rịọrọ.
Enwere ụdị ikike 3 na faịlụ (nchekwa ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụghị iji mee ka ihe dị mfe anyị ga-eji faịlụ).
Read (r)=4 Write(w)=2 Execute(x)=1
Yabụ ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịnye naanị ikike ịgụ na faịlụ, a ga-ekenye ya uru nke '4', maka ikike ide naanị, uru nke '2' yana naanị maka ịme ikike, a ga-enye uru nke '1'. . Maka ịgụ na ide ikike 4+2 = '6' ka a ga-enye, na ihe ndị ọzọ.
Ugbu a, ekwesịrị ịtọ ikike maka ụdị ndị ọrụ 3 na otu ndị ọrụ. Nke mbụ bụ onye nwe ya, emesia ndị ọrụ, na n'ikpeazụ ụwa.
rwxr-x--x abc.sh
Ebe ikike mgbọrọgwụ bụ rwx (gụọ, dee na mebie).
Usergroup nke ọ nwere, bụ r-x (gụọ ma mebie naanị, enweghị ikike ide) na
n'ihi na ụwa bụ -x (naanị mebie).
Ka ịgbanwee ikike ya wee nye agụ, dee ma mebie ikike nye onye nwe ya, otu na ụwa.
[email :~# chmod 777 abc.sh
naanị gụọ na dee ikike ha atọ.
[email :~# chmod 666 abc.sh
gụọ, dee ma gbuo onye nwe ya wee gbuo naanị otu na ụwa.
[email :~# chmod 711 abc.sh
Mara: otu n'ime iwu kachasị mkpa bara uru maka sysadmin na onye ọrụ ma. Na gburugburu ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ma ọ bụ na ihe nkesa, iwu a na-abịa na nnapụta, ịtọ ikike na-ezighị ezi ga-eme ka faịlụ ghara ịnweta ma ọ bụ nye mmadụ ohere na-enweghị ikike.
11. Iwu: chown
Iwu Linux “chown” pụtara (gbanwee onye nwe faịlụ na otu). Faịlụ ọ bụla bụ nke otu ndị ọrụ na onye nwe ya. A na-eji ya eme 'ls -l' n'ime ndekọ aha gị ma ị ga-ahụ ihe dị ka nke a.
[email :~# ls -l drwxr-xr-x 3 server root 4096 May 10 11:14 Binary drwxr-xr-x 2 server server 4096 May 13 09:42 Desktop
N'ebe a ndekọ ọnụọgụ abụọ bụ nke onye ọrụ nwere ihe nkesa ma ọ bụ nke onye ọrụ mgbọrọgwụ ebe ndekọ Desktọpụ bụ nke onye ọrụ nwere ihe nkesa ma bụrụ nke otu onye ọrụ ihe nkesa.
A na-eji iwu chown a iji gbanwee nwe faịlụ ma si otú a bara uru na ijikwa na ịnye faịlụ nye ndị ọrụ ikike na ndị ọrụ naanị.
[email :~# chown server:server Binary drwxr-xr-x 3 server server 4096 May 10 11:14 Binary drwxr-xr-x 2 server server 4096 May 13 09:42 Desktop
Mara: “chown” na-agbanwe onye ọrụ na nwe otu nke ọ bụla enyere FILE gaa na NEW-OWNER ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ na otu faịlụ ntụaka dị.
12. Iwu: apt
Iwu dabara adaba nke Debian na-anọchi anya (Ngwugwu Advanced). Apt bụ onye njikwa ngwugwu dị elu maka sistemụ dabere na Debian (Ubuntu, Kubuntu, wdg), nke na-akpaghị aka na ọgụgụ isi chọọ, wụnye, melite ma dozie ndabere nke ngwugwu na sistemụ Gnu/Linux site na ahịrị iwu.
[email :~# apt-get install mplayer Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required: java-wrappers Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove it. The following extra packages will be installed: esound-common libaudiofile1 libesd0 libopenal-data libopenal1 libsvga1 libvdpau1 libxvidcore4 Suggested packages: pulseaudio-esound-compat libroar-compat2 nvidia-vdpau-driver vdpau-driver mplayer-doc netselect fping The following NEW packages will be installed: esound-common libaudiofile1 libesd0 libopenal-data libopenal1 libsvga1 libvdpau1 libxvidcore4 mplayer 0 upgraded, 9 newly installed, 0 to remove and 8 not upgraded. Need to get 3,567 kB of archives. After this operation, 7,772 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y
[email :~# apt-get update Hit http://ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg Hit http://ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg Hit http://ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg Hit http://ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com raring-security Hit http://in.archive.ubuntu.com raring Release.gpg Hit http://ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg Get:2 http://security.ubuntu.com raring-security Ign http://ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com raring-updates Hit http://ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg Hit http://in.archive.ubuntu.com raring-backports
Rịba ama: Iwu ndị a dị n'elu na-ebute mgbanwe n'usoro na ya mere ọ chọrọ mgbọrọgwụ okwuntughe (Lelee '#'' bụghị' $ dị ka ngwa ngwa). A na-ahụta Apt dị elu na ọgụgụ isi ka atụnyere iwu yum.
Dị ka aha ahụ na-atụ aro, apt-cache na-achọ ngwungwu nwere obere ngwugwu mpalyer. apt-nweta wụnye, melite ngwungwu niile arụnyerelarị, gaa na nke kachasị ọhụrụ.
[Ị nwekwara ike ịmasị: 25 APT-GET na APT-cache Commands]
13. Iwu: tar
Iwu tar bụ ebe nchekwa teepu bara uru n'ịmepụta ebe nchekwa, n'ọtụtụ ụdị faịlụ na mmịpụta ha.
[email :~# tar -zxvf abc.tar.gz (Remember 'z' for .tar.gz)
[email :~# tar -jxvf abc.tar.bz2 (Remember 'j' for .tar.bz2)
[email :~# tar -cvf archieve.tar.gz(.bz2) /path/to/folder/abc
Mara: A 'tar.gz' pụtara gzipped. 'tar.bz2' ejiri bzip gbakọọ nke na-eji usoro mkpakọ ka mma mana nwayọ.
14. Iwu: cal
A na-eji “cal” (Kalịnda), gosi kalenda nke ọnwa dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ ọnwa ọ bụla ọzọ nke afọ ọ bụla na-aga ma ọ bụ gafere.
[email :~# cal
May 2013
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31Gosi kalenda nke afọ 1835 maka ọnwa Febụwarị, nke agafeela.
[email :~# cal 02 1835 February 1835 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Na-egosi kalenda nke afọ 2145 maka ọnwa Julaị, nke ga-aga n'ihu
[email :~# cal 07 2145
July 2145
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31Cheta na: Ịkwesighi ịtụgharị kalenda nke afọ 50 azụ, ọ dịghịkwa mkpa ka ịme mgbakọ mgbakọ na mwepụ dị mgbagwoju anya iji mara ụbọchị ị na-eyi ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ọmụmụ gị na-abịanụ ga-ada n'ụbọchị.
15. Iwu: ụbọchị
Iwu ụbọchị na-ebipụta ụbọchị na oge dị ugbu a na mmepụta ọkọlọtọ, enwere ike ịtọkwa ya ọzọ.
[email :~# date Fri May 17 14:13:29 IST 2013
[email :~# date --set='14 may 2013 13:57' Mon May 13 13:57:00 IST 2013
Mara: Iwu a ga-aba uru nke ukwuu na scripting, oge, na scripting ụbọchị, ka ọ bụrụ nke zuru oke. Ọzọkwa ịgbanwe ụbọchị na oge site na iji ọnụ ga-eme ka ị nwee mmetụta GEEK !!!. (N'ụzọ doro anya, ịkwesịrị ịgbanye mgbọrọgwụ iji rụọ ọrụ a, ebe ọ bụ mgbanwe na-agbanwe agbanwe).
16. Iwu: nwamba
Cat na-anọchi anya (Concatenation). Jikọọ (jikọọ) faịlụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa na/ma ọ bụ bipụta ọdịnaya nke faịlụ na mmepụta ọkọlọtọ.
[email :~# cat a.txt b.txt c.txt d.txt >> abcd.txt
[email :~# cat abcd.txt .... contents of file abcd ...
Cheta na: \>> na \> ka a na-akpọ akara ngosi. A na-eji ha na-agbakwunye mmepụta na faịlụ ọ bụghị na mmepụta ọkọlọtọ. \> akara ga-ehichapụ faịlụ adịlarị wee mepụta faịlụ ọhụrụ n'ihi ya maka nchekwa, a na-adụ ọdụ ka iji \>> ga-ede mmepụta na-enweghị. na-edegharị ma ọ bụ ihichapụ faịlụ ahụ.
Tupu ịga n'ihu, m ga-emerịrị ka ị mara banyere kaadị anụ ọhịa (ị ga-amata maka ntinye anụ ọhịa, n'ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ngosi Television) Wildcards bụ njirimara shei na-eme ka ahịrị iwu dị ike karịa onye njikwa faili GUI ọ bụla. Ị na-ahụ, ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịhọrọ nnukwu faịlụ na njikwa faịlụ eserese, ị na-ejikarị òké gị họrọ ha. Nke a nwere ike iyi ihe dị mfe, ma n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ọ nwere ike na-akụda mmụọ.
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, were ya na ị nwere akwụkwọ ndekọ aha nwere nnukwu ego nke ụdị faịlụ na akwụkwọ ndekọ aha niile, ma ị kpebie ịkwaga faịlụ HTML niile, nke nwere okwu Linux n'ebe dị n'etiti aha ha, site na nnukwu akwụkwọ ndekọ aha ahụ banye. akwụkwọ ndekọ aha ọzọ. Kedu ụzọ dị mfe iji mee nke a? Ọ bụrụ na ndekọ ahụ nwere nnukwu faịlụ HTML aha dị iche iche, ọrụ gị bụ ihe niile mana ọ dị mfe!
N'ime ahịrị iwu Linux, ọrụ ahụ dị mfe ịrụ dị ka ịkwaga naanị otu faịlụ HTML, ọ dịkwa mfe n'ihi kaadị anụ ọhịa. Ndị a bụ mkpụrụedemede pụrụ iche na-enye gị ohere ịhọrọ aha faịlụ dabara na ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ nke mkpụrụedemede. Nke a na-enyere gị aka ịhọrọ ọbụna nnukwu faịlụ site na ịpị naanị mkpụrụedemede ole na ole, na n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ọ dị mfe karịa iji òké họrọ faịlụ.
Nke a bụ ndepụta nke kaadị ọhịa ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe:
Wildcard Matches
* zero or more characters
? exactly one character
[abcde] exactly one character listed
[a-e] exactly one character in the given range
[!abcde] any character that is not listed
[!a-e] any character that is not in the given range
{debian,linux} exactly one entire word in the options given! ka a na-akpọ abụghị akara, na azụ nke eriri ejiri ! bụ eziokwu.
[I nwekwara ike ịmasị gị: Ihe atụ 13 Basic Cat Command na Linux]
17. Iwu: cp
“Copy” pụtara (Detuo), ọ na-eṅomi faịlụ site n'otu ebe gaa na ebe ọzọ.
# cp /home/user/Downloads abc.tar.gz /home/user/Desktop
Mara: cp bụ otu n'ime iwu ndị a na-ejikarị na shei scripting na enwere ike iji ya na mkpụrụedemede ọhịa (Kwapụta na ngọngọ dị n'elu), maka idetu faịlụ ahaziri na nke achọrọ.
18. Iwu: mv
Iwu mv na-ebuga faịlụ site n'otu ebe gaa na ebe ọzọ.
# mv /home/user/Downloads abc.tar.gz /home/user/Desktop
Mara: Enwere ike iji iwu mv jiri mkpụrụedemede wildcard mee ihe. Ekwesịrị iji mv jiri nlezianya mee ihe, ebe ọ bụ na ịkwaga sistemu/faịlụ na-enweghị ikike nwere ike ibute nchekwa yana mmebi nke sistemụ.
19. Iwu: pwd
Iwu pwd (akwụkwọ ndekọ aha na-arụ ọrụ), na-ebipụta akwụkwọ ndekọ aha ugbu a na aha aha zuru oke site na ọnụ.
[email :~# pwd /home/user/Desktop
Mara: A gaghị eji iwu a eme ihe na scripting mana ọ bụ ihe nzọpụta zuru oke maka onye ọhụrụ na-efunahụ ọnụ na njedebe na njikọ mbụ ha na Linux. (Linux ka a na-akpọkarị nux ma ọ bụ nix).
20. Iwu: cd
N'ikpeazụ, iwu cd a na-ejikarị na-anọchi anya (akwụkwọ ndekọ aha mgbanwe), nke na-agbanwe akwụkwọ ndekọ aha na-arụ ọrụ iji mee, detuo, bugharịa dee, gụọ, wdg site na njedebe n'onwe ya.
[email :~# cd /home/user/Desktop
[email :~$ pwd /home/user/Desktop
Mara: cd na-abịa napụta mgbe ị na-agbanwe n'etiti akwụkwọ ndekọ aha site na ọdụ. \Cd ~ ga-agbanwe akwụkwọ ndekọ aha na-arụ ọrụ gaa na ndekọ ụlọ onye ọrụ, ọ bara uru nke ukwuu ma ọ bụrụ na onye ọrụ ahụ na ya furu efu na ọdụ. .
Iwu ndị a ga-eme ka ahụ ruo gị ala na Linux. Ma ọ bụghị ọgwụgwụ. N'oge na-adịghị anya, m ga-eji iwu ndị ọzọ ga-aba uru maka 'Onye ọrụ nke etiti. Ị ga-ahụ nkwalite na ọkwa onye ọrụ site na newbie gaa n'ọkwa etiti-onye ọrụ.
N'isiokwu na-esonụ, m ga-abịa na iwu dị ka 'grep'.