Iwu Linux 30 bara uru maka ndị nchịkwa sistemụ

N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-enyocha ụfọdụ iwu Linux ma ọ bụ Unix bara uru ma na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ndị nchịkwa Sistemụ Linux nke a na-eji na ndụ ha kwa ụbọchị.

Nke a ezughi oke mana ọ bụ kọmpat ndepụta iwu ị ga-ezo aka mgbe achọrọ ya. Ka anyị malite n’otu n’otu ka anyị nwere ike isi jiri ihe atụ jiri iwu ndị ahụ mee ihe.

1. Uptime Command

Na Linux na-ebu nkezi sistemụ maka nkeji 1, 5 na 15.

# uptime

08:16:26 up 22 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.03, 0.22

Iwu nkwụsị oge enweghị nhọrọ ndị ọzọ karịa oge na ụdị. Ọ na-enye ozi naanị n'ime awa:mins: sec ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-erughị 1 ụbọchị.

# uptime -V
procps version 3.2.8

2. W Iwu

Iwu w ga-egosipụta ndị ọrụ abanyela ugbu a yana usoro ha yana igosi oke ibu, aha nbanye, aha tty, onye ọbịa dịpụrụ adịpụ, oge nbanye, oge enweghị ọrụ, JCPU, PCPU, iwu na usoro.

# w

08:27:44 up 34 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.08
USER     TTY      FROM              [email    IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT
tecmint  pts/0    192.168.50.1     07:59    0.00s  0.29s  0.09s w

-h : egosighi ndenye nkụnye eji isi mee.
-s : enweghị JCPU na PCPU.
-f : Na-ewepụ n'ọhịa.
-V : ( mkpụrụedemede ukwu) - Na-egosi ụdịdị.

3. Ndị ọrụ Iwu

Ngosipụta iwu ndị ọrụ abanyela ugbu a. Iwu a enweghị parampat ndị ọzọ karịa enyemaka na ụdị.

# users

tecmint

4. Onye Iwu

onye nyere iwu na-eweghachite aha njirimara, ụbọchị, oge na ozi nnabata. onye iwu yiri w iwu. N'adịghị ka w iwu nke na-adịghị ebipụta ihe ndị ọrụ na-eme. Ka anyị gosi ma hụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti onye na w nyere iwu.

# who

tecmint  pts/0        2012-09-18 07:59 (192.168.50.1)

# w

08:43:58 up 50 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.64, 0.18, 0.06
USER     TTY      FROM              [email    IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT
tecmint  pts/0    192.168.50.1     07:59    0.00s  0.43s  0.10s w

-b: Na-egosiputa ụbọchị na oge nrụpụta sistemụ ikpeazụ.
-r: Na-egosi runlet dị ugbu a.
-a, -all: Na-egosiputa ozi niile n'otu oge.

5. Whoami Iwu

Na Linux, a na-eji iwu whoami bipụta aha njirimara abanyela ugbu a n'ime sistemụ Linux gị. Ọ bụrụ na ịbanye dị ka mgbọrọgwụ site na iji sudo iwu whoami iwu weghachi mgbọrọgwụ dị ka onye ọrụ ugbu a.

# whoami

tecmint

6. ls Iwu

ls iwu na-egosiputa ndepụta faịlụ n'ụdị mmadụ nwere ike ịgụ.

# ls -l

total 114
dr-xr-xr-x.   2 root root  4096 Sep 18 08:46 bin
dr-xr-xr-x.   5 root root  1024 Sep  8 15:49 boot

Hazie faịlụ dị ka oge gbanwechara ikpeazụ.

# ls -ltr

total 40
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  6546 Sep 17 18:42 install.log.syslog
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 22435 Sep 17 18:45 install.log
-rw-------. 1 root root  1003 Sep 17 18:45 anaconda-ks.cfg

Maka ọmụmaatụ ndị ọzọ nke iwu ls, biko lelee akụkọ anyị:

10 ls of Ihe Nlereanya Iwu na Linux
7 Quirky 'ls' Iwu aghụghọ Onye ọrụ Linux ọ bụla kwesịrị ịma
Otu esi hazie nsonaazụ 'ls' Site na ụbọchị na oge gbanwechara ikpeazụ

7. Crontab Iwu

Depụta ọrụ nhazi oge maka onye ọrụ ugbu a nwere iwu crontab yana nhọrọ -l.

# crontab -l

00 10 * * * /bin/ls >/ls.txt

Jiri -e nhọrọ dezie crontab gị. N'ihe atụ dị n'okpuru ga-emeghe ọrụ nhazi na nchịkọta akụkọ VI. Mee mgbanwe ndị dị mkpa wee kwụsị ịpị igodo :wq na-echekwa ntọala na-akpaghị aka.

# crontab -e

Maka ọmụmaatụ ndị ọzọ nke Linux Cron Command, biko gụọ akụkọ anyị mbụ:

11 Ihe Nlereanya Ịhazi Nhazi cron na Linux
Otu esi emepụta na jikwaa ọrụ Cron na Linux

8. Obere Iwu

obere iwu na-enye ohere ịlele faịlụ ngwa ngwa. Ị nwere ike ibe elu na ala. Pịa ''code>q' ka ị kwụsị na obere windo.

# less install.log

Installing setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch
warning: setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY
Installing filesystem-2.4.30-2.1.el6.i686
Installing ca-certificates-2010.63-3.el6.noarch
Installing xml-common-0.6.3-32.el6.noarch
Installing tzdata-2010l-1.el6.noarch
Installing iso-codes-3.16-2.el6.noarch

9. Ọzọ Iwu

Iwu ndị ọzọ na-enye ohere ịlele faịlụ ngwa ngwa ma gosipụta nkọwa na pasent. Ị nwere ike ibe elu na ala. Pịa ''code>q' ka ịpụ na mpio ọzọ.

# more install.log

Installing setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch
warning: setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY
Installing filesystem-2.4.30-2.1.el6.i686
Installing ca-certificates-2010.63-3.el6.noarch
Installing xml-common-0.6.3-32.el6.noarch
Installing tzdata-2010l-1.el6.noarch
Installing iso-codes-3.16-2.el6.noarch
--More--(10%)

[Ị nwekwara ike ịmasị gị: Mụta ihe kpatara 'obere' ji dị ngwa karịa iwu 'ọzọ' maka igodo faịlụ dị irè]

10. CP Iwu

Iwu cp na-eṅomi faịlụ site na isi iyi ruo ebe na-echekwa otu ọnọdụ ahụ.

# cp -p fileA fileB

A ga-akpali gị tupu ị degharịa faịlụ.

# cp -i fileA fileB

[Ị nwekwara ike ịmasị: Otu esi amanye cp Command ka ọ dee na-enweghị nkwenye]

11. MV Iwu

Otu iwu mv na-akpọgharị faịlụA ka ọ bụrụ fileB site na iji nhọrọ -i, nke na-akpali nkwenye tupu e degharịa ya. Rịọ maka nkwenye ma ọ dị ugbua.

# mv -i fileA fileB

12. Iwu nwamba

A na-eji iwu pusi na-elele ọtụtụ faịlụ n'otu oge.

# cat fileA fileB

Ị na-ejikọta ọtụtụ iwu na obere iwu na iwu nwamba ka ịlele faịlụ nwere ma ọ bụrụ na nke ahụ adabaghị na otu ihuenyo/ibe.

# cat install.log | less

# cat install.log | more

Maka ọmụmaatụ Linux ndị ọzọ, iwu nwamba gụọ akụkọ anyị na 13 Basic Cat Command Examples na Linux.

13. cd iwu (gbanwee ndekọ)

na iwu cd (gbanwee ndekọ ma ọ bụ gbanwee ndekọ) ọ ga-aga na ndekọ faịlụA.

# cd /fileA

14. pwd iwu (ebipụta akwụkwọ ndekọ aha)

Iwu pwd nwere akwụkwọ ndekọ aha na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a.

# pwd

/root

15. Hazie iwu

A na-eji ụdị iwu ahụ ahazi ahịrị faịlụ ederede n'usoro na-arịgo. na -r nhọrọ ga-ahazi n'usoro na-agbada.

# sort fileA.txt

# sort -r fileA.txt

16. VI Iwu

Vi bụ editọ ederede kachasị ewu ewu dị na ọtụtụ UNIX-dị ka OS. Ihe atụ n'okpuru mepee faịlụ na naanị ọgụgụ na nhọrọ -R. Pịa ''code>:q' ka ị kwụsị na vi windows.

# vi -R /etc/shadows

Iji mụtakwuo maka vi editor, gụọ akụkọ anyị:

Mụta Ndụmọdụ na aghụghọ ndị editọ 'Vi/Vim' bara uru
8 Ndụmọdụ na usoro ndị editọ 'Vi/Vim' na-adọrọ mmasị maka onye nchịkwa Linux ọ bụla
Etu esi etinye Vim Editor kacha ọhụrụ na Sistemụ Linux

17. SSH Command (Secure Shell)

A na-eji iwu SSH iji banye n'ime onye ọbịa dịpụrụ adịpụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iwu ssh dị n'okpuru ga-ejikọta na onye ọbịa dịpụrụ adịpụ (192.168.50.2) na-eji onye ọrụ dị ka Narad.

# ssh [email

Iji lelee ụdị nke ssh jiri nhọrọ -V (okpukpe ukwu) na-egosi ụdị ssh.

# ssh -V

OpenSSH_8.2p1 Ubuntu-4ubuntu0.3, OpenSSL 1.1.1f  31 Mar 2020

Iji mụtakwuo maka SSH, gụọ akụkọ anyị:

Otu esi echekwa ma mee ka sava OpenSSH sie ike
Etu esi edobe ọkọlọtọ ịdọ aka ná ntị SSH na MOTD na Linux
Etu esi edobe SSH Passwordless Nbanye na Linux [3 mfe nzọụkwụ]

18. Ftp ma ọ bụ sftp Command

A na-eji iwu ftp ma ọ bụ sftp jikọọ na ndị ọbịa ftp dịpụrụ adịpụ. ftp bụ (protocol mbufe faịlụ) na sftp bụ (usoro mbufe faịlụ echekwara). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iwu ndị dị n'okpuru ga-ejikọta na ftp host (192.168.50.2).

# ftp 192.168.50.2

# sftp 192.168.50.2

Ịtinye ọtụtụ faịlụ na ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ na mput n'otu aka ahụ, anyị nwere ike ime mget ka ibudata ọtụtụ faịlụ site na onye ọbịa dịpụrụ adịpụ.

# ftp > mput *.txt

# ftp > mget *.txt

19. Systemctl Iwu

Iwu Systemctl bụ ngwa njikwa sistemu nke ejiri jikwaa ọrụ, lelee ọkwa na-agba ọsọ, bido ma mee ka ọrụ wee rụọ ọrụ na faịlụ nhazi.

# systemctl start httpd.service
# systemctl enable httpd.service
# systemctl status httpd.service

20. Iwu efu

Iwu n'efu na-egosi ozi ebe nchekwa efu, mkpokọta yana ngbanwe na bytes.

# free
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       1030800     735944     294856          0      51648     547696
-/+ buffers/cache:     136600     894200
Swap:      2064376          0    2064376

N'efu na nhọrọ -t na-egosi mkpokọta ebe nchekwa ejiri yana ọ dị maka ojiji na bytes.

# free -t
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       1030800     736096     294704          0      51720     547704
-/+ buffers/cache:     136672     894128
Swap:      2064376          0    2064376
Total:     3095176     736096    2359080

21. Top Command

iwu kachasị elu na-egosiputa ọrụ nhazi nke sistemu gị yana gosipụtakwa ọrụ kernel na-achịkwa ozugbo. Ọ ga-egosi processor na ebe nchekwa na-eji.

Iji iwu kacha elu na u nhọrọ ga-egosipụta nkọwa usoro njirimara akọwapụtara n'okpuru. Pịa 'O' ( mkpụrụedemede ukwu) ka ị hazie dịka ịchọrọ. Pịa ''code>q' ka ị kwụsị na ihuenyo dị n'elu.

# top -u tecmint

top - 11:13:11 up  3:19,  2 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
Tasks: 116 total,   1 running, 115 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
Cpu(s):  0.0%us,  0.3%sy,  0.0%ni, 99.7%id,  0.0%wa,  0.0%hi,  0.0%si,  0.0%st
Mem:   1030800k total,   736188k used,   294612k free,    51760k buffers
Swap:  2064376k total,        0k used,  2064376k free,   547704k cached

PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND
1889 tecmint   20   0 11468 1648  920 S  0.0  0.2   0:00.59 sshd
1890 tecmint   20   0  5124 1668 1416 S  0.0  0.2   0:00.44 bash
6698 tecmint   20   0 11600 1668  924 S  0.0  0.2   0:01.19 sshd
6699 tecmint   20   0  5124 1596 1352 S  0.0  0.2   0:00.11 bash

Maka ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara iwu kachasị elu, anyị achịkọtalarị ndepụta nke 12 TOP Command Examples na Linux.

22. Ta iwu

A na-eji iwu tar mpikota onu faịlụ na nchekwa na Linux. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iwu dị n'okpuru ga-emepụta ebe nchekwa maka/ndekọ ụlọ nwere aha faịlụ archive-name.tar.

# tar -cvf archive-name.tar /home

Iji wepụ faịlụ tar Archive jiri nhọrọ dị ka ndị a.

# tar -xvf archive-name.tar

Iji ghọtakwuo gbasara iwu tar anyị ekepụtala otu esi eduzi na iwu tar na 18 Tar Command Examples na Linux.

23. Grep Iwu

grep iwu ịchọ eriri enyere na faịlụ. Naanị tecmint onye ọrụ na-egosipụta site na faịlụ /etc/passwd. anyị nwere ike iji -i nhọrọ maka ileghara mmetụta ikpe anya.

# grep tecmint /etc/passwd

tecmint:x:500:500::/home/tecmint:/bin/bash

24. Chọta Iwu

Chọta iwu eji achọ faịlụ, eriri, na akwụkwọ ndekọ aha. Ọmụmaatụ dị n'okpuru nke chọta okwu tecmt ọchụchọ iwu na '/' nkebi wee weghachite mmepụta.

# find / -name tecmint

/var/spool/mail/tecmint
/home/tecmint
/root/home/tecmint

Maka ntuziaka zuru oke na Linux chọta ihe atụ iwu dị na 35 Practical Examples of Linux Find Command.

25. lsof Iwu

lsof pụtara Ndepụta faịlụ niile mepere emepe. N'okpuru ndepụta iwu faịlụ niile meghere site na onye ọrụ tecmint.

# lsof -u tecmint

COMMAND  PID    USER   FD   TYPE     DEVICE SIZE/OFF   NODE NAME
sshd    1889 tecmint  cwd    DIR      253,0     4096      2 /
sshd    1889 tecmint  txt    REG      253,0   532336 298069 /usr/sbin/sshd
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          412940 /lib/libcom_err.so.2.1
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          393156 /lib/ld-2.12.so
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          298643 /usr/lib/libcrypto.so.1.0.0
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          393173 /lib/libnsl-2.12.so
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          412937 /lib/libkrb5support.so.0.1
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          412961 /lib/libplc4.so

Maka ọmụmaatụ iwu lsof ndị ọzọ gaa na 10 lsof Command Examples na Linux.

26. iwu ikpeazụ

Site na iwu ikpeazụ, anyị nwere ike ilele ọrụ onye ọrụ na sistemụ. Iwu a nwekwara ike igbu ndị ọrụ nkịtị. Ọ ga-egosipụta ozi onye ọrụ zuru oke dị ka ọnụ, oge, ụbọchị, nrụpụta sistemụ ma ọ bụ buut, na ụdị kernel. Iwu bara uru iji dozie nsogbu.

# last

tecmint  pts/1        192.168.50.1     Tue Sep 18 08:50   still logged in
tecmint  pts/0        192.168.50.1     Tue Sep 18 07:59   still logged in
reboot   system boot  2.6.32-279.el6.i Tue Sep 18 07:54 - 11:38  (03:43)
root     pts/1        192.168.50.1     Sun Sep 16 10:40 - down   (03:53)
root     pts/0        :0.0             Sun Sep 16 10:36 - 13:09  (02:32)
root     tty1         :0               Sun Sep 16 10:07 - down   (04:26)
reboot   system boot  2.6.32-279.el6.i Sun Sep 16 09:57 - 14:33  (04:35)
narad    pts/2        192.168.50.1     Thu Sep 13 08:07 - down   (01:15)

Ị nwere ike iji ikpeazụ na aha njirimara mara maka ọrụ onye ọrụ dị ka egosiri n'okpuru.

# last tecmint

tecmint  pts/1        192.168.50.1     Tue Sep 18 08:50   still logged in
tecmint  pts/0        192.168.50.1     Tue Sep 18 07:59   still logged in
tecmint  pts/1        192.168.50.1     Thu Sep 13 08:07 - down   (01:15)
tecmint  pts/4        192.168.50.1     Wed Sep 12 10:12 - 12:29  (02:17)

27. ps iwu

Iwu ps na-egosiputa usoro na-agba ọsọ na sistemụ. Ọmụmaatụ dị n'okpuru na-egosi naanị mmalite iji hazie ya.

# ps -ef | grep init

root         1     0  0 07:53 ?        00:00:04 /sbin/init
root      7508  6825  0 11:48 pts/1    00:00:00 grep init

28. igbu iwu

Jiri iwu igbu egbu kwụsị usoro a. Mbụ, chọta usoro id na iwu ps dị ka egosiri n'okpuru wee gbuo usoro ahụ site na igbu -9.

# ps -ef | grep init
root         1     0  0 07:53 ?        00:00:04 /sbin/init
root      7508  6825  0 11:48 pts/1    00:00:00 grep init

# kill- 9 7508

29. rm iwu

iwu rm ejiri wepụ ma ọ bụ hichapụ faịlụ na-enweghị mkpali maka nkwenye.

# rm filename

Jiri nhọrọ -i nweta nkwenye tupu iwepu ya. Iji nhọrọ '-r' na '-f' ga-ewepụ faịlụ ahụ n'ike n'enweghị nkwenye.

# rm -i test.txt

rm: remove regular file `test.txt'?

30. mkdir iwu atụ.

A na-eji iwu mkdir mepụta akwụkwọ ndekọ aha n'okpuru Linux.

# mkdir directoryname

Nke a bụ iwu ndị bụ isi eji eme ihe kwa ụbọchị na sistemụ arụmọrụ Linux/Unix. Jiri obiọma kesaa site na igbe nkọwa anyị ma ọ bụrụ na agbaghara anyị.