Ihe Nlereanya Iwu 15 Basic ls maka Linux Beginners


ls iwu bụ otu n'ime iwu ndị a na-ejikarị na Linux. Ekwenyere m na iwu ls bụ iwu mbụ ị nwere ike iji mgbe ị banyere n'iwu nke Linux Box.

Anyị na-eji aghụghọ iwu ls.

[Ị nwekwara ike ịmasị: Ngwa 5 bara uru icheta iwu Linux ruo mgbe ebighị ebi]

N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-atụle isi ihe atụ nke iwu ls na ihe niile dị na Linux.

Na-agba ọsọ ls iwu na-enweghị nhọrọ ndepụta faịlụ na akwụkwọ ndekọ aha n'ụdị efu ebe anyị na-agaghị enwe ike ịlele nkọwa dị ka ụdị faịlụ, nha, ụbọchị na oge gbanwere, ikike na njikọ, wdg.

# ls

0001.pcap         Desktop             Downloads         
index.html        install.log.syslog  Pictures  
Templates         anaconda-ks.cfg     Documents           
fbcmd_update.php  install.log         Music
Public            Videos

N'ebe a, ls -l (-l bụ agwa, ọ bụghị otu) na-egosi faịlụ ma ọ bụ ndekọ aha, nha, ụbọchị na oge gbanwetụrụ, faịlụ ma ọ bụ folda aha na onye nwe faịlụ ahụ, yana ikike ya.

# ls -l

total 176
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   683 Aug 19 09:59 0001.pcap
-rw-------. 1 root root  1586 Jul 31 02:17 anaconda-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Documents
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root  4096 Aug 16 02:55 Downloads
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 21262 Aug 12 12:42 fbcmd_update.php
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 46701 Jul 31 09:58 index.html
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 48867 Jul 31 02:17 install.log
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11439 Jul 31 02:13 install.log.syslog
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Music
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Public
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Templates
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Videos

Depụta faịlụ niile gụnyere faịlụ ezoro ezo malite na '.'.

# ls -a

.                .bashrc        Documents       .gconfd          
install.log      .nautilus      .pulse-cookie
..               .cache         Downloads       .gnome2          
install.log      .netstat.swp   .recently-used.xbel
0001.pcap        .config        .elinks         .gnome2_private  
.kde             .opera         .spice-vdagent
anaconda-ks.cfg  .cshrc         .esd_auth         .gtk-bookmarks   
.libreoffice      Pictures      .tcshrc
.bash_history    .dbus          .fbcmd            .gvfs            
.local              .pki         Templates
.bash_logout     Desktop        fbcmd_update.php  .ICEauthority    
.mozilla            Public        Videos
.bash_profile    .digrc         .gconf           index.html       
Music           .pulse          .wireshark

Site na nchikota -lh nhọrọ, na-egosi nha n'ụdị mmadụ nwere ike ịgụ.

# ls -lh

total 176K
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  683 Aug 19 09:59 0001.pcap
-rw-------. 1 root root 1.6K Jul 31 02:17 anaconda-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Documents
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4.0K Aug 16 02:55 Downloads
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  21K Aug 12 12:42 fbcmd_update.php
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  46K Jul 31 09:58 index.html
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  48K Jul 31 02:17 install.log
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  12K Jul 31 02:13 install.log.syslog
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Music
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Public
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Templates
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Videos

Iji nhọrọ -F nwere iwu ls ga-agbakwunye agwa / na ngwụcha akwụkwọ ndekọ aha ọ bụla.

# ls -F

0001.pcap        Desktop/    Downloads/        index.html   
install.log.syslog  Pictures/  Templates/
anaconda-ks.cfg  Documents/  fbcmd_update.php  install.log  
Music/              Public/    Videos/

Iwu na-esonụ nwere nhọrọ ls -r gosipụtara faịlụ na akwụkwọ ndekọ aha n'usoro ọzọ.

# ls -r

Videos     Public    Music               install.log  
fbcmd_update.php  Documents  anaconda-ks.cfg
Templates  Pictures  install.log.syslog  index.html   
Downloads         Desktop    0001.pcap

Nhọrọ ls -R ga-edepụta osisi ndekọ aha dị ogologo. Hụ ihe atụ nke mmepụta nke iwu ahụ.

# ls -R

total 1384
-rw-------. 1 root     root      33408 Aug  8 17:25 anaconda.log
-rw-------. 1 root     root      30508 Aug  8 17:25 anaconda.program.log

./httpd:
total 132
-rw-r--r--  1 root root     0 Aug 19 03:14 access_log
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 61916 Aug 10 17:55 access_log-20120812

./lighttpd:
total 68
-rw-r--r--  1 lighttpd lighttpd  7858 Aug 21 15:26 access.log
-rw-r--r--. 1 lighttpd lighttpd 37531 Aug 17 18:21 access.log-20120819

./nginx:
total 12
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 Aug 12 03:17 access.log
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  390 Aug 12 03:17 access.log-20120812.gz

Ngwakọta -ltr ga-egosi faịlụ mgbanwe ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ndekọ dị ka nke ikpeazụ.

# ls -ltr

total 176
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11439 Jul 31 02:13 install.log.syslog
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 48867 Jul 31 02:17 install.log
-rw-------. 1 root root  1586 Jul 31 02:17 anaconda-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Videos
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Templates
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Public
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Music
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Documents
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 46701 Jul 31 09:58 index.html
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 21262 Aug 12 12:42 fbcmd_update.php
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root  4096 Aug 16 02:55 Downloads
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   683 Aug 19 09:59 0001.pcap

Na nchikota -lS na-egosiputa nha faịlụ n'usoro, ga-ebu ụzọ gosipụta nnukwu nha.

# ls -lS

total 176
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 48867 Jul 31 02:17 install.log
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 46701 Jul 31 09:58 index.html
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 21262 Aug 12 12:42 fbcmd_update.php
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11439 Jul 31 02:13 install.log.syslog
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Documents
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root  4096 Aug 16 02:55 Downloads
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Music
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Public
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Templates
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 Jul 31 02:48 Videos
-rw-------. 1 root root  1586 Jul 31 02:17 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   683 Aug 19 09:59 0001.pcap

Anyị nwere ike ịhụ ụfọdụ nọmba ebipụtara n'ihu faịlụ/akwụkwọ ndekọ aha. Na-i nhọrọ ndepụta faịlụ/akwụkwọ ndekọ nwere nọmba inode.

# ls -i

20112 0001.pcap        23610 Documents         23793 index.html          
23611 Music            23597 Templates         23564 anaconda-ks.cfg  
23595 Downloads        22 install.log         23612 Pictures  23613 Videos
23594 Desktop          23585 fbcmd_update.php     35 install.log.syslog  
23601 Public

Lelee ụdị iwu ls.

# ls --version

ls (GNU coreutils) 8.4
Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.

Ibe enyemaka nke ls iwu na nhọrọ ha.

# ls --help

Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Iji ls -l ndepụta faịlụ n'okpuru ndekọ /tmp. N'ime ya na -ld parameters na-egosiputa ozi /tmp ndekọ.

# ls -l /tmp
total 408
drwx------. 2 narad narad   4096 Aug  2 02:00 CRX_75DAF8CB7768
-r--------. 1 root  root  384683 Aug  4 12:28 htop-1.0.1.tar.gz
drwx------. 2 root  root    4096 Aug  4 11:20 keyring-6Mfjnk
drwx------. 2 root  root    4096 Aug 16 01:33 keyring-pioZJr
drwx------. 2 gdm   gdm     4096 Aug 21 11:26 orbit-gdm
drwx------. 2 root  root    4096 Aug 19 08:41 pulse-gl6o4ZdxQVrX
drwx------. 2 narad narad   4096 Aug  4 08:16 pulse-UDH76ExwUVoU
drwx------. 2 gdm   gdm     4096 Aug 21 11:26 pulse-wJtcweUCtvhn
-rw-------. 1 root  root     300 Aug 16 03:34 yum_save_tx-2012-08-
16-03-34LJTAa1.yumtx
# ls -ld /tmp/

drwxrwxrwt. 13 root root 4096 Aug 21 12:48 /tmp/

Ka igosi UID na GID nke faịlụ na akwụkwọ ndekọ aha. jiri option -n jiri iwu ls.

# ls -n

total 36
drwxr-xr-x. 2 500 500 4096 Aug  2 01:52 Downloads
drwxr-xr-x. 2 500 500 4096 Aug  2 01:52 Music
drwxr-xr-x. 2 500 500 4096 Aug  2 01:52 Pictures
-rw-rw-r--. 1 500 500   12 Aug 21 13:06 tmp.txt
drwxr-xr-x. 2 500 500 4096 Aug  2 01:52 Videos

Anyị emeela utu aha maka iwu ls, mgbe anyị mezuru iwu ls ọ ga-ewere nhọrọ -l na ndabara wee gosipụta ndepụta ogologo dị ka ekwuru na mbụ.

# alias ls="ls -l"

Mara: Anyị nwere ike ịhụ ọtụtụ utu aha dị na sistemụ gị yana iwu utu aha dị n'okpuru na otu ahụ nwere ike ịbụ unalias dị ka egosiri n'okpuru ihe atụ.

# alias

alias cp='cp -i'
alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto'
alias ll='ls -l --color=auto'
alias ls='ls --color=auto'
alias mv='mv -i'
alias rm='rm -i'
alias which='alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'

Ka iwepu utu aha akọwara na mbụ, jiri naanị iwu unalias.

# unalias ls

[Ị nwekwara ike ịmasị: Otu esi emepụta ma jiri Alias Command na Linux]

N'isiokwu anyị na-esote, anyị ga-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ma ọ bụ ajụjụ ọnụ ajụjụ na iwu ls, nakwa ọ bụrụ na anyị atụfuru ihe ọ bụla na ndepụta ahụ, biko melite anyị site na ngalaba nkọwa.