LFCA: Mụta Iwu ịkparịta ụka n'Ịntanet - Nkebi 4
N'oge ọ bụla mgbe ị na-eji PC gị nke ejikọrọ na rawụta, ị ga-abụ akụkụ nke netwọkụ. Ma ị nọ na gburugburu ọfịs ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ site n'ụlọ, kọmputa gị ga-adị na netwọk.
A kọwapụtara netwọk kọmputa dị ka otu kọmpụta abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke ejikọrọ ma nwee ike ịkparịta ụka n'igwe n'igwe. A na-amata kọmpụta ndị ahụ site na iji aha nnabata ha, IP na adreesị mac.
A na-akpọ netwọkụ ụlọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị mfe dị ka LAN, nkenke maka netwọk mpaghara mpaghara. LAN na-ekpuchi obere mpaghara dịka ụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ netwọk ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, WAN (Wide Area Network) na-agbasa nnukwu mpaghara mpaghara. A na-ejikarị WAN jikọọ saịtị dị iche iche dị ka ụlọ ọfịs na ebe dị iche iche.
Edemede a bụ akụkụ nke anọ nke iwu ịkparịta ụka n'ozuzu yana etu ha nwere ike isi baa uru na nchọpụta nsogbu njikọ.
1. hostname Command
Iwu nnabata aha na-egosiputa aha nnabata nke sistemụ Linux. A na-edozi ma ọ bụ na-ahazi nke a n'oge ntinye. Ka ịlele aha nnabata, mee iwu:
$ hostname tecmint
2. ping Iwu
Short for packet internet groper, a na-eji iwu ping lelee njikọ n'etiti sistemụ abụọ ma ọ bụ sava. Ọ na-ezipụ arịrịọ echo ICMP nye onye ọbịa dịpụrụ adịpụ wee chere nzaghachi. Ọ bụrụ na onye ọbịa ahụ dị elu, arịrịọ echo ga-apụ na onye ọbịa dịpụrụ adịpụ wee zighachi ya na isi mmalite na-agwa onye ọrụ na onye ọbịa ahụ dị ma ọ bụ dị.
Iwu ping na-ewe syntax egosiri.
$ ping options IP address
Dịka ọmụmaatụ na ping a host na netwọk mpaghara m nwere IP nke 192.168.2.103, m ga-agba ọsọ iwu:
$ ping 192.168.2.103 PING 192.168.0.123 (192.168.0.123) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.043 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.063 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.063 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.061 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.062 ms
Iwu ping na-aga n'ihu izipu ngwugwu ping ICMP ruo mgbe ị kwụsịrị ya site na ịpị Ctrl + C na ahụigodo. Agbanyeghị, ị nwere ike kpachie ngwugwu ezitere site na iji nhọrọ -c.
N'ihe atụ dị n'okpuru ebe a, anyị na-ezipụ ngwugwu arịrịọ echo 5, ma ozugbo emechara, iwu ping kwụsịrị.
$ ping 192.168.2.103 -c 5 PING 192.168.0.123 (192.168.0.123) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.044 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.052 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.066 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.056 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.066 ms --- 192.168.2.103 ping statistics --- 5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4088ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.044/0.056/0.066/0.008 ms
Na mgbakwunye, ị nwekwara ike ping aha ngalaba nke onye ọbịa ma ọ bụ ihe nkesa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ị nwere ike ping Google dị ka egosiri.
$ ping google.com PING google.com (142.250.183.78) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from bom12s12-in-f14.1e100.net (142.250.183.78): icmp_seq=1 ttl=117 time=2.86 ms 64 bytes from bom12s12-in-f14.1e100.net (142.250.183.78): icmp_seq=2 ttl=117 time=3.35 ms 64 bytes from bom12s12-in-f14.1e100.net (142.250.183.78): icmp_seq=3 ttl=117 time=2.70 ms 64 bytes from bom12s12-in-f14.1e100.net (142.250.183.78): icmp_seq=4 ttl=117 time=3.12 ms ...
Ọzọkwa, ị nwere ike ping na DNS. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịnwere ike ịpị adreesị Google nke bụ 8.8.8.8.
$ ping 8.8.8.8 -c 5 PING 8.8.8.8 (8.8.8.8) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=1 ttl=118 time=3.24 ms 64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=2 ttl=118 time=3.32 ms 64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=3 ttl=118 time=3.40 ms 64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=4 ttl=118 time=3.30 ms 64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=5 ttl=118 time=2.92 ms --- 8.8.8.8 ping statistics --- 5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4005ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.924/3.237/3.401/0.164 ms
Atụ aka na ule ping dara ada na otu n'ime ihe ndị a:
- Onye nnabata na-anọghị n'ịntanetị.
- Igbo netwọk ọdịda.
- Ọrịre ọkụ nke na-egbochi arịrịọ ICMP.
3. traceroute Command
Iwu traceroute na-egosiputa ụzọ nke ngwugwu ping ICMP na-esi na ngwaọrụ gị gaa na ebe nnabata ma ọ bụ ihe nkesa na-aga. Ọ na-egosiputa adreesị IP nke ngwaọrụ ndị ngwugwu ahụ na-abanye tupu ịbanye na ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ.
N'ahịrị 2 mmepụta na-egosi akara akara mmuke * na njem okirikiri. Nke a bụ ihe na-egosi na ewepụrụ ngwugwu ahụ ma ọ nweghị nzaghachi ọ bụla natara. Nke a na-egosi na rawụta ahụ tụfuru ngwugwu ping, nke a nwere ike ịbụ maka ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya dịka nchichi netwọkụ.
Iwu traceroute bụ iwu nchọpụta dị mma nke ị nwere ike iji dozie netwọk ebe iwu ping na-enye gị nsonaazụ dara ada. Ọ na-egosi ngwaọrụ a na-atụba ngwugwu ndị ahụ.
$ traceroute google.com
4. mtr Iwu
Iwu mtr (m traceoute) na-ejikọta arụ ọrụ nke iwu ping na traceroute. Ọ na-egosiputa ọtụtụ ọnụ ọgụgụ gụnyere onye ọbịa nke ngwugwu ọ bụla na-agafe, yana oge nzaghachi maka hops netwọk niile.
$ mtr google.com
5. ifconfig Iwu
Iwu ifconfig depụtara oghere netwọkụ agbakwunyere na PC yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọzọ dị ka adreesị IP jikọtara na interface ọ bụla, nkpuchi subnet, na MTU iji kwuo naanị ole na ole.
$ ifconfig
Oke inet na-egosi adreesị IPv4 nke interface netwọk ebe inet6 na-atụ aka na adreesị IPv6. Ị nwere ike ịlele nkọwa nke otu interface site na ịkọwapụta interface dị ka egosiri:
$ ifconfig enp0s3
6. IP Iwu
Ụzọ ọzọ ị nwere ike ịlele ọnụ ọgụgụ interface bụ iji iwu adreesị IP dị ka egosiri.
$ ip address
7. ip ụzọ Iwu
Iwu ụzọ ip na-ebipụta tebụl ntụgharị nke PC gị.
$ ip route OR $ ip route show
8. igwu Iwu
Utility igwu ( mkpụmkpụ maka ngalaba Ozi Groper ) bụ ngwa ahịrị iwu maka nyocha aha sava DNS. Ọ na-ewe a ngalaba aha dị ka arụmụka na-egosiputa ozi dị ka onye ọbịa adreesị, A ndekọ, MX (mail mgbanwe) ndekọ, nameservers, wdg.
Na nkenke, iwu igwu ala bụ ọrụ nyocha DNS na ndị na-ahụ maka sistemụ na-ejikarị maka nchọpụta nsogbu DNS.
$ dig ubuntu.com
9. nslookup Command
Utility nslookup bụ ngwa ọrụ ahịrị iwu ọzọ a na-eji maka ime nyocha DNS n'ọkwa iji weghachi ngalaba aha na ndekọ A.
$ nslookup ubuntu.com
10. netstat Iwu
Iwu netstat na-ebipụta ọnụ ọgụgụ interface netwọk. Ọ nwere ike igosipụta tebụl ntụgharị, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọrụ dị iche iche na-ege ntị, njikọ TCP na UDP, PID, na UID.
Iji gosi njikọ netwọk jikọtara na PC gị, mee:
$ netstat -i Kernel Interface table Iface MTU RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg enp1s0 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BMU lo 65536 4583 0 0 0 4583 0 0 0 LRU wlp2s0 1500 179907 0 0 0 137273 0 0 0 BMRU
Iji lelee tebulu ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri, jiri nhọrọ -r dị ka egosiri.
$ netstat -r Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface default _gateway 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 wlp2s0 link-local 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 wlp2s0 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 wlp2s0
Iji nyochaa njikọ TCP na-arụ ọrụ kpọkuo iwu:
$ netstat -ant
11. ss Iwu
Iwu ss bụ ngwa netwọkụ nke a na-eji tụfuo ọnụ ọgụgụ socket wee gosi metrik netwọkụ sistemụ n'ụdị ejiji netstat. Iwu ss dị ngwa karịa netstat ma gosipụta ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara TCP na ọnụ ọgụgụ netwọk karịa netstat.
$ ss #list al connections $ ss -l #display listening sockets $ ss -t #display all TCP connection
Nke ahụ bụ ntụle nke iwu ịkparịta ụka n'Ịntanet nke ga-aba uru karịsịa mgbe ị na-eme nchọpụta obere nsogbu netwọk n'ụlọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ gị. Na-anwale ha site n'oge ruo n'oge iji mee ka nkà nchọpụta nsogbu netwọk gị dịkwuo nkọ.