Ngwa 4 iji jikwaa EXT2, EXT3 na EXT4 Health na Linux
Sistemụ faịlụ bụ nhazi data nke na-enyere aka ịchịkwa otu esi echekwa ma weghachite data na sistemụ kọmputa. Enwere ike ịtụle sistemụ faịlụ dị ka akụkụ anụ ahụ (ma ọ bụ gbatịpụrụ) na diski. Ọ bụrụ na ejighị ya nke ọma ma na-enyocha ya mgbe niile, ọ nwere ike imebi ma ọ bụ mebie ya n'ikpeazụ, n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche.
Enwere ọtụtụ ihe nwere ike ime ka sistemụ faịlụ ghara ịdị mma: mkpọka sistemụ, ngwaike ma ọ bụ sọftụwia na-arụ ọrụ, ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na mmemme, na-emegharị ya nke ọma, na-ebufe ya na oke data yana obere glitches ndị ọzọ.
Nke ọ bụla n'ime okwu ndị a nwere ike ime ka Linux ghara ibuli (ma ọ bụ bulite) sistemụ faịlụ nke ọma, si otú a na-ebute ọdịda sistemụ.
Na mgbakwunye, iji sistemu faịlụ na-adịghị mma iji sistemu gị rụọ ọrụ nwere ike bute mperi oge ndị ọzọ na akụrụngwa sistemu arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ na ngwa onye ọrụ, nke nwere ike ịbawanye ruo nnukwu mfu data. Iji zere nrụrụ aka ma ọ bụ mmebi nke sistemụ faịlụ, ịkwesịrị ileba anya na ahụike ya.
N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-ekpuchi ngwaọrụ iji nyochaa na idobe ahụike faịlụ ext2, ext3 na ext4. Ngwa niile akọwara ebe a chọrọ ikike onye ọrụ mgbọrọgwụ, yabụ jiri iwu sudo mee ha.
Otu esi ele ozi sistemụ faịlụ EXT2/EXT3/EXT4
dumpe2fs bụ ngwa ahịrị iwu eji wụfuo ozi faịlụ ext2/ext3/ext4, pụtara na ọ na-egosiputa nnukwu ngọngọ ma gbochie ozi otu maka sistemụ faịlụ na ngwaọrụ.
Tupu ị na-agba ọsọ dumpe2fs, jide n'aka na ị na-agba ọsọ df -hT iji mara aha ngwaọrụ faịlụ faịlụ.
$ sudo dumpe2fs /dev/sda10
dumpe2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015) Filesystem volume name: Last mounted on: / Filesystem UUID: bb29dda3-bdaa-4b39-86cf-4a6dc9634a1b Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: user_xattr acl Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 21544960 Block count: 86154752 Reserved block count: 4307737 Free blocks: 22387732 Free inodes: 21026406 First block: 0 Block size: 4096 Fragment size: 4096 Reserved GDT blocks: 1003 Blocks per group: 32768 Fragments per group: 32768 Inodes per group: 8192 Inode blocks per group: 512 Flex block group size: 16 Filesystem created: Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016 Last mount time: Mon Nov 6 10:25:28 2017 Last write time: Mon Nov 6 10:25:19 2017 Mount count: 432 Maximum mount count: -1 Last checked: Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016 Check interval: 0 () Lifetime writes: 2834 GB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 First orphan inode: 6947324 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: 9da5dafb-bded-494d-ba7f-5c0ff3d9b805 Journal backup: inode blocks Journal features: journal_incompat_revoke Journal size: 128M Journal length: 32768 Journal sequence: 0x00580f0c Journal start: 12055
Ị nwere ike ịfefe ọkọlọtọ -b iji gosipụta ngọngọ ọ bụla edobere ka ọ dị njọ na sistemụ faịlụ (enweghị mmepụta na-egosi ihe mgbochi ọjọọ):
$ dumpe2fs -b
Na-elele Sistemụ faịlụ EXT2/EXT3/EXT4 maka mperi
A na-eji e2fsck nyochaa ext2/ext3/ext4 faịlụ faịlụ maka njehie na fsck checks ma nwee ike ịrụzi usoro faịlụ Linux na nhọrọ; ọ bụ isi n'ihu maka ọtụtụ ndị na-enyocha faịlụ faịlụ (fsck.fstype dịka fsck.ext3, fsck.sfx wdg) enyere n'okpuru Linux.
Cheta na Linux na-agba ọsọ e2fack/fsck na-akpaghị aka na sistemụ buut na akụkụ nke akpọrọ maka ịlele na /etc/fstab nhazi faịlụ. A na-eme nke a mgbe a na-ebupụghị sistemụ faịlụ nke ọma.
Ntị: Ejila e2fsck ma ọ bụ fsck mee ihe na sistemụ faịlụ ndị etinyere, na-ebupụ akụkụ nkebi mgbe niile tupu ị nwee ike ịgbanye ngwaọrụ ndị a na ya, dị ka egosiri n'okpuru.
$ sudo unmount /dev/sda10 $ sudo fsck /dev/sda10
N'aka nke ọzọ, mee ka mmepụta verbose jiri -V gbanwee wee jiri -t kọwaa ụdị faịlụ dị ka nke a:
$ sudo fsck -Vt ext4 /dev/sda10
Sistemụ faịlụ EXT2/EXT3/EXT4
Anyị kwuru site na mmalite na otu n'ime ihe na-akpata mmebi sistemụ faịlụ bụ nlegharị anya ezighi ezi. Ị nwere ike iji tune2fs utility gbanwee paramita a na-emegharị emegharị nke ext2/ext3/ext4 faịlụ dị ka akọwara n'okpuru.
Ka ịhụ ọdịnaya nke superblock faịlụ, gụnyere ụkpụrụ dị ugbu a nke paramita, jiri nhọrọ -l dị ka egosiri.
$ sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda10
tune2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015) Filesystem volume name: Last mounted on: / Filesystem UUID: bb29dda3-bdaa-4b39-86cf-4a6dc9634a1b Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: user_xattr acl Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 21544960 Block count: 86154752 Reserved block count: 4307737 Free blocks: 22387732 Free inodes: 21026406 First block: 0 Block size: 4096 Fragment size: 4096 Reserved GDT blocks: 1003 Blocks per group: 32768 Fragments per group: 32768 Inodes per group: 8192 Inode blocks per group: 512 Flex block group size: 16 Filesystem created: Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016 Last mount time: Mon Nov 6 10:25:28 2017 Last write time: Mon Nov 6 10:25:19 2017 Mount count: 432 Maximum mount count: -1 Last checked: Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016 Check interval: 0 () Lifetime writes: 2834 GB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 First orphan inode: 6947324 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: 9da5dafb-bded-494d-ba7f-5c0ff3d9b805 Journal backup: inode blocks
Na-esote, na-eji ọkọlọtọ -c, ị nwere ike ịtọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mounts emesia e2fsck ga-enyocha sistemụ faịlụ ahụ. Iwu a na-agwa sistemụ ka ọ na-agba e2fsck megide /dev/sda10 mgbe ọ bụla 4 mounts gasịrị.
$ sudo tune2fs -c 4 /dev/sda10 tune2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015) Setting maximal mount count to 4
Ị nwekwara ike ịkọwa oge n'etiti nlele faịlụ abụọ site na iji -i nhọrọ. Iwu na-esote na-ewepụta nkeji ụbọchị 2 n'etiti nlele sistemụ faịlụ.
$ sudo tune2fs -i 2d /dev/sda10 tune2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015) Setting interval between checks to 172800 seconds
Ugbu a ọ bụrụ na ị na-eme iwu a n'okpuru, edobere oge nlele sistemụ faịlụ maka /dev/sda10 ugbu a.
$ sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda10
Filesystem created: Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016 Last mount time: Mon Nov 6 10:25:28 2017 Last write time: Mon Nov 6 13:49:50 2017 Mount count: 432 Maximum mount count: 4 Last checked: Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016 Check interval: 172800 (2 days) Next check after: Tue Aug 2 16:19:36 2016 Lifetime writes: 2834 GB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 First orphan inode: 6947324 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: 9da5dafb-bded-494d-ba7f-5c0ff3d9b805 Journal backup: inode blocks
Ka ịgbanwee paramita akwụkwọ akụkọ ndabara, jiri nhọrọ -J. Nhọrọ a nwekwara nhọrọ ndị ọzọ: nha = nha akwụkwọ (na-esetịpụ nha akwụkwọ akụkọ), Device=external-journal (kpọpụtara ngwaọrụ nke echekwara ya) na ọnọdụ = ebe akwụkwọ akụkọ (na-akọwapụta ọnọdụ akwụkwọ akụkọ).
Rịba ama na ọ bụ naanị otu nha ma ọ bụ nhọrọ ngwaọrụ nwere ike ịtọ maka sistemụ faịlụ:
$ sudo tune2fs -J size=4MB /dev/sda10
N'ikpeazụ ma ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ, enwere ike ịtọ akara ụda nke sistemụ faịlụ site na iji -L nhọrọ dị ka n'okpuru.
$ sudo tune2fs -L "ROOT" /dev/sda10
Mebie sistemụ faịlụ EXT2/EXT3/EXT4
debugfs bụ ahịrị iwu dị mfe, mmekọrịta dabere na ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem debugger. Ọ na-enye gị ohere ịmegharị paramita sistemụ faịlụ na mmekọrịta. Ka ilele sub-iwu ma ọ bụ arịrịọ, pịnye \?\.
$ sudo debugfs /dev/sda10
Site na ndabara, ekwesịrị imepe sistemu faịlụ ahụ n'ụdị agụ-ede, jiri ọkọlọtọ -w mepee ya na ọnọdụ ịgụ-agụ. Iji mepee ya na ọnọdụ ọdachi, jiri nhọrọ -c.
debugfs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
debugfs: ?
Available debugfs requests:
show_debugfs_params, params
Show debugfs parameters
open_filesys, open Open a filesystem
close_filesys, close Close the filesystem
freefrag, e2freefrag Report free space fragmentation
feature, features Set/print superblock features
dirty_filesys, dirty Mark the filesystem as dirty
init_filesys Initialize a filesystem (DESTROYS DATA)
show_super_stats, stats Show superblock statistics
ncheck Do inode->name translation
icheck Do block->inode translation
change_root_directory, chroot
....
Iji gosi nkewa oghere efu, jiri arịrịọ freefrag, dị ka ya.
debugfs: freefrag
Device: /dev/sda10
Blocksize: 4096 bytes
Total blocks: 86154752
Free blocks: 22387732 (26.0%)
Min. free extent: 4 KB
Max. free extent: 2064256 KB
Avg. free extent: 2664 KB
Num. free extent: 33625
HISTOGRAM OF FREE EXTENT SIZES:
Extent Size Range : Free extents Free Blocks Percent
4K... 8K- : 4883 4883 0.02%
8K... 16K- : 4029 9357 0.04%
16K... 32K- : 3172 15824 0.07%
32K... 64K- : 2523 27916 0.12%
64K... 128K- : 2041 45142 0.20%
128K... 256K- : 2088 95442 0.43%
256K... 512K- : 2462 218526 0.98%
512K... 1024K- : 3175 571055 2.55%
1M... 2M- : 4551 1609188 7.19%
2M... 4M- : 2870 1942177 8.68%
4M... 8M- : 1065 1448374 6.47%
8M... 16M- : 364 891633 3.98%
16M... 32M- : 194 984448 4.40%
32M... 64M- : 86 873181 3.90%
64M... 128M- : 77 1733629 7.74%
128M... 256M- : 11 490445 2.19%
256M... 512M- : 10 889448 3.97%
512M... 1024M- : 2 343904 1.54%
1G... 2G- : 22 10217801 45.64%
debugfs:
Ị nwere ike inyocha ọtụtụ arịrịọ ndị ọzọ dị ka ịmepụta ma ọ bụ wepụ faịlụ ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndekọ aha, ịgbanwe akwụkwọ ndekọ aha ugbu a na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ, site n'ịgụ nkọwa dị nkenke enyere. Iji kwụsị debugfs, jiri arịrịọ q.
Nke ahụ bụ ihe niile ugbu a! Anyị nwere nchịkọta akụkọ metụtara ya n'okpuru edemede dị iche iche n'okpuru, nke ị ga-ahụ na ọ bara uru.
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Idokwa sistemụ faịlụ dị mma na-eme ka arụmọrụ sistemụ Linux gị dịkwuo mma mgbe niile. Ọ bụrụ na ị nwere ajụjụ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ echiche ndị ọzọ ịkọrọ jiri ụdị nkọwa n'okpuru.