Ngwa 4 iji jikwaa EXT2, EXT3 na EXT4 Health na Linux
Sistemụ faịlụ bụ nhazi data nke na-enyere aka ịchịkwa otu esi echekwa ma weghachite data na sistemụ kọmputa. Enwere ike ịtụle sistemụ faịlụ dị ka akụkụ anụ ahụ (ma ọ bụ gbatịpụrụ) na diski. Ọ bụrụ na ejighị ya nke ọma ma na-enyocha ya mgbe niile, ọ nwere ike imebi ma ọ bụ mebie ya n'ikpeazụ, n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche.
Enwere ọtụtụ ihe nwere ike ime ka sistemụ faịlụ ghara ịdị mma: mkpọka sistemụ, ngwaike ma ọ bụ sọftụwia na-arụ ọrụ, ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na mmemme, na-emegharị ya nke ọma, na-ebufe ya na oke data yana obere glitches ndị ọzọ.
Nke ọ bụla n'ime okwu ndị a nwere ike ime ka Linux ghara ibuli (ma ọ bụ bulite) sistemụ faịlụ nke ọma, si otú a na-ebute ọdịda sistemụ.
Na mgbakwunye, iji sistemu faịlụ na-adịghị mma iji sistemu gị rụọ ọrụ nwere ike bute mperi oge ndị ọzọ na akụrụngwa sistemu arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ na ngwa onye ọrụ, nke nwere ike ịbawanye ruo nnukwu mfu data. Iji zere nrụrụ aka ma ọ bụ mmebi nke sistemụ faịlụ, ịkwesịrị ileba anya na ahụike ya.
N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-ekpuchi ngwaọrụ iji nyochaa na idobe ahụike faịlụ ext2, ext3 na ext4. Ngwa niile akọwara ebe a chọrọ ikike onye ọrụ mgbọrọgwụ, yabụ jiri iwu sudo mee ha.
Otu esi ele ozi sistemụ faịlụ EXT2/EXT3/EXT4
dumpe2fs bụ ngwa ahịrị iwu eji wụfuo ozi faịlụ ext2/ext3/ext4, pụtara na ọ na-egosiputa nnukwu ngọngọ ma gbochie ozi otu maka sistemụ faịlụ na ngwaọrụ.
Tupu ị na-agba ọsọ dumpe2fs, jide n'aka na ị na-agba ọsọ df -hT iji mara aha ngwaọrụ faịlụ faịlụ.
$ sudo dumpe2fs /dev/sda10
dumpe2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015) Filesystem volume name: Last mounted on: / Filesystem UUID: bb29dda3-bdaa-4b39-86cf-4a6dc9634a1b Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: user_xattr acl Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 21544960 Block count: 86154752 Reserved block count: 4307737 Free blocks: 22387732 Free inodes: 21026406 First block: 0 Block size: 4096 Fragment size: 4096 Reserved GDT blocks: 1003 Blocks per group: 32768 Fragments per group: 32768 Inodes per group: 8192 Inode blocks per group: 512 Flex block group size: 16 Filesystem created: Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016 Last mount time: Mon Nov 6 10:25:28 2017 Last write time: Mon Nov 6 10:25:19 2017 Mount count: 432 Maximum mount count: -1 Last checked: Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016 Check interval: 0 () Lifetime writes: 2834 GB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 First orphan inode: 6947324 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: 9da5dafb-bded-494d-ba7f-5c0ff3d9b805 Journal backup: inode blocks Journal features: journal_incompat_revoke Journal size: 128M Journal length: 32768 Journal sequence: 0x00580f0c Journal start: 12055
Ị nwere ike ịfefe ọkọlọtọ -b
iji gosipụta ngọngọ ọ bụla edobere ka ọ dị njọ na sistemụ faịlụ (enweghị mmepụta na-egosi ihe mgbochi ọjọọ):
$ dumpe2fs -b
Na-elele Sistemụ faịlụ EXT2/EXT3/EXT4 maka mperi
A na-eji e2fsck nyochaa ext2/ext3/ext4 faịlụ faịlụ maka njehie na fsck checks ma nwee ike ịrụzi usoro faịlụ Linux na nhọrọ; ọ bụ isi n'ihu maka ọtụtụ ndị na-enyocha faịlụ faịlụ (fsck.fstype dịka fsck.ext3, fsck.sfx wdg) enyere n'okpuru Linux.
Cheta na Linux na-agba ọsọ e2fack/fsck na-akpaghị aka na sistemụ buut na akụkụ nke akpọrọ maka ịlele na /etc/fstab nhazi faịlụ. A na-eme nke a mgbe a na-ebupụghị sistemụ faịlụ nke ọma.
Ntị: Ejila e2fsck ma ọ bụ fsck mee ihe na sistemụ faịlụ ndị etinyere, na-ebupụ akụkụ nkebi mgbe niile tupu ị nwee ike ịgbanye ngwaọrụ ndị a na ya, dị ka egosiri n'okpuru.
$ sudo unmount /dev/sda10 $ sudo fsck /dev/sda10
N'aka nke ọzọ, mee ka mmepụta verbose jiri -V
gbanwee wee jiri -t
kọwaa ụdị faịlụ dị ka nke a:
$ sudo fsck -Vt ext4 /dev/sda10
Sistemụ faịlụ EXT2/EXT3/EXT4
Anyị kwuru site na mmalite na otu n'ime ihe na-akpata mmebi sistemụ faịlụ bụ nlegharị anya ezighi ezi. Ị nwere ike iji tune2fs utility gbanwee paramita a na-emegharị emegharị nke ext2/ext3/ext4 faịlụ dị ka akọwara n'okpuru.
Ka ịhụ ọdịnaya nke superblock faịlụ, gụnyere ụkpụrụ dị ugbu a nke paramita, jiri nhọrọ -l
dị ka egosiri.
$ sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda10
tune2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015) Filesystem volume name: Last mounted on: / Filesystem UUID: bb29dda3-bdaa-4b39-86cf-4a6dc9634a1b Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: user_xattr acl Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 21544960 Block count: 86154752 Reserved block count: 4307737 Free blocks: 22387732 Free inodes: 21026406 First block: 0 Block size: 4096 Fragment size: 4096 Reserved GDT blocks: 1003 Blocks per group: 32768 Fragments per group: 32768 Inodes per group: 8192 Inode blocks per group: 512 Flex block group size: 16 Filesystem created: Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016 Last mount time: Mon Nov 6 10:25:28 2017 Last write time: Mon Nov 6 10:25:19 2017 Mount count: 432 Maximum mount count: -1 Last checked: Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016 Check interval: 0 () Lifetime writes: 2834 GB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 First orphan inode: 6947324 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: 9da5dafb-bded-494d-ba7f-5c0ff3d9b805 Journal backup: inode blocks
Na-esote, na-eji ọkọlọtọ -c
, ị nwere ike ịtọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mounts emesia e2fsck ga-enyocha sistemụ faịlụ ahụ. Iwu a na-agwa sistemụ ka ọ na-agba e2fsck megide /dev/sda10
mgbe ọ bụla 4 mounts gasịrị.
$ sudo tune2fs -c 4 /dev/sda10 tune2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015) Setting maximal mount count to 4
Ị nwekwara ike ịkọwa oge n'etiti nlele faịlụ abụọ site na iji -i
nhọrọ. Iwu na-esote na-ewepụta nkeji ụbọchị 2 n'etiti nlele sistemụ faịlụ.
$ sudo tune2fs -i 2d /dev/sda10 tune2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015) Setting interval between checks to 172800 seconds
Ugbu a ọ bụrụ na ị na-eme iwu a n'okpuru, edobere oge nlele sistemụ faịlụ maka /dev/sda10
ugbu a.
$ sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda10
Filesystem created: Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016 Last mount time: Mon Nov 6 10:25:28 2017 Last write time: Mon Nov 6 13:49:50 2017 Mount count: 432 Maximum mount count: 4 Last checked: Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016 Check interval: 172800 (2 days) Next check after: Tue Aug 2 16:19:36 2016 Lifetime writes: 2834 GB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 First orphan inode: 6947324 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: 9da5dafb-bded-494d-ba7f-5c0ff3d9b805 Journal backup: inode blocks
Ka ịgbanwee paramita akwụkwọ akụkọ ndabara, jiri nhọrọ -J
. Nhọrọ a nwekwara nhọrọ ndị ọzọ: nha = nha akwụkwọ (na-esetịpụ nha akwụkwọ akụkọ), Device=external-journal (kpọpụtara ngwaọrụ nke echekwara ya) na ọnọdụ = ebe akwụkwọ akụkọ (na-akọwapụta ọnọdụ akwụkwọ akụkọ).
Rịba ama na ọ bụ naanị otu nha ma ọ bụ nhọrọ ngwaọrụ nwere ike ịtọ maka sistemụ faịlụ:
$ sudo tune2fs -J size=4MB /dev/sda10
N'ikpeazụ ma ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ, enwere ike ịtọ akara ụda nke sistemụ faịlụ site na iji -L
nhọrọ dị ka n'okpuru.
$ sudo tune2fs -L "ROOT" /dev/sda10
Mebie sistemụ faịlụ EXT2/EXT3/EXT4
debugfs bụ ahịrị iwu dị mfe, mmekọrịta dabere na ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem debugger. Ọ na-enye gị ohere ịmegharị paramita sistemụ faịlụ na mmekọrịta. Ka ilele sub-iwu ma ọ bụ arịrịọ, pịnye \?\
.
$ sudo debugfs /dev/sda10
Site na ndabara, ekwesịrị imepe sistemu faịlụ ahụ n'ụdị agụ-ede, jiri ọkọlọtọ -w
mepee ya na ọnọdụ ịgụ-agụ. Iji mepee ya na ọnọdụ ọdachi, jiri nhọrọ -c
.
debugfs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015) debugfs: ? Available debugfs requests: show_debugfs_params, params Show debugfs parameters open_filesys, open Open a filesystem close_filesys, close Close the filesystem freefrag, e2freefrag Report free space fragmentation feature, features Set/print superblock features dirty_filesys, dirty Mark the filesystem as dirty init_filesys Initialize a filesystem (DESTROYS DATA) show_super_stats, stats Show superblock statistics ncheck Do inode->name translation icheck Do block->inode translation change_root_directory, chroot ....
Iji gosi nkewa oghere efu, jiri arịrịọ freefrag, dị ka ya.
debugfs: freefrag
Device: /dev/sda10 Blocksize: 4096 bytes Total blocks: 86154752 Free blocks: 22387732 (26.0%) Min. free extent: 4 KB Max. free extent: 2064256 KB Avg. free extent: 2664 KB Num. free extent: 33625 HISTOGRAM OF FREE EXTENT SIZES: Extent Size Range : Free extents Free Blocks Percent 4K... 8K- : 4883 4883 0.02% 8K... 16K- : 4029 9357 0.04% 16K... 32K- : 3172 15824 0.07% 32K... 64K- : 2523 27916 0.12% 64K... 128K- : 2041 45142 0.20% 128K... 256K- : 2088 95442 0.43% 256K... 512K- : 2462 218526 0.98% 512K... 1024K- : 3175 571055 2.55% 1M... 2M- : 4551 1609188 7.19% 2M... 4M- : 2870 1942177 8.68% 4M... 8M- : 1065 1448374 6.47% 8M... 16M- : 364 891633 3.98% 16M... 32M- : 194 984448 4.40% 32M... 64M- : 86 873181 3.90% 64M... 128M- : 77 1733629 7.74% 128M... 256M- : 11 490445 2.19% 256M... 512M- : 10 889448 3.97% 512M... 1024M- : 2 343904 1.54% 1G... 2G- : 22 10217801 45.64% debugfs:
Ị nwere ike inyocha ọtụtụ arịrịọ ndị ọzọ dị ka ịmepụta ma ọ bụ wepụ faịlụ ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndekọ aha, ịgbanwe akwụkwọ ndekọ aha ugbu a na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ, site n'ịgụ nkọwa dị nkenke enyere. Iji kwụsị debugfs, jiri arịrịọ q
.
Nke ahụ bụ ihe niile ugbu a! Anyị nwere nchịkọta akụkọ metụtara ya n'okpuru edemede dị iche iche n'okpuru, nke ị ga-ahụ na ọ bara uru.
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Idokwa sistemụ faịlụ dị mma na-eme ka arụmọrụ sistemụ Linux gị dịkwuo mma mgbe niile. Ọ bụrụ na ị nwere ajụjụ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ echiche ndị ọzọ ịkọrọ jiri ụdị nkọwa n'okpuru.