Ntinye na nhazi nke Arch Linux na igwe UEFI


Arch Linux bụ otu n'ime nkesa GNU Linux kachasị cha cha n'ihi ngwungwu ngwanrọ ya dị mfe yana mbelata n'ihi ụdị mwepụta Rolling ya, Arch Linux anaghị ekwupụta maka ndị mbido na ụwa Linux. Ọ na-enyekwa ihe nrụnye ahịrị iwu gbagwojuru anya, na-enweghị nkwado eserese eserese. Ụdị nrụnye usoro iwu na-eme ka ọrụ nke ịwụnye sistemụ ahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe mana ọ na-esikwara ike maka ndị mbido Linux.

N'elu ihe niile, Arch Linux na-enye ngwungwu ngwanrọ nke ya site na Pacman Package Manager. Arch Linux na-enyekwa gburugburu Multiarch maka ihe owuwu CPU dị iche iche, dị ka 32bit, 64bit, na ARM.

A na-emelite ngwugwu sọftụwia, ndabere, na patches nche kwa oge, na-eme Arch Linux ka ọ bụrụ nkesa dị oke ọnụ yana ngwugwu ole na ole anwalela siri ike maka gburugburu mmepụta.

Arch Linux na-ejikwa AUR - Arch User Repository, nke bụ nnukwu enyo nchekwa ngwanrọ nke obodo na-akwalite. Ngosipụta AUR repo na-enye ndị ọrụ ohere ikpokọta sọftụwia sitere na isi mmalite wee wụnye ya site na Pacman na Yaourt (N'agbanyeghị Ngwá Ọrụ Nchekwa Ọrụ Ọzọ).

Nkuzi a na-egosi usoro nrụnye nke Arch Linux site na nrụnye CD/USB na igwe UEFI. Maka nhazi ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ nkọwa gaa na ibe Wiki Arch Linux na https://wiki.archlinux.org.

  1. Budata ihe oyiyi Arch Linux ISO

Kwụpụ 1: Mepụta okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu nke diski

1. Nke mbụ, gaa na ibe nbudata Arch Linux wee jide foto CD kachasị ọhụrụ (ya bụ ụdị kwụsiri ike ugbu a: 2020.05.01), mepụta CD/USB bootable wee tinye ya na CD sistemụ gị./USB mbanye.

2. Mkpụrụ ndụ dị mkpa! Ọzọkwa, jide n'aka na sistemụ gị nwere eriri Ethernet etinyere na eriri na njikọ ịntanetị yana yana ihe nkesa DHCP na-arụ ọrụ.

3. Mgbe CD/USB gachara, a ga-egosi gị nhọrọ Arch Linux Installer nke mbụ. Ebe a, họrọ Arch Linux archiso x86_64 UEFI CD wee pịa igodo Tinye ka ịga n'ihu.

4. Mgbe installer decompresser na ibu Linux Kernel, a ga-atụba gị ozugbo na ọdụ Arch Linux Bash (TTY) nwere ikike mgbọrọgwụ.

Nzọụkwụ dị mma ugbu a bụ ịdepụta NIC igwe gị wee nyochaa njikọ netwọkụ ịntanetị site na ịnye iwu ndị a.

# ifconfig
# ping -c2 google.com

Ọ bụrụ na ịnweghị ihe nkesa DHCP ahaziri n'ụlọ gị iji kesaa ndị ahịa adreesị IP nke ọma, nye iwu ndị a ka iji aka hazie adreesị IP maka mgbasa ozi Arch Live.

Dochie interface netwọk na adreesị IP ya.

# ifconfig eno16777736 192.168.1.52 netmask 255.255.255.0 
# route add default gw 192.168.1.1
# echo “nameserver 8.8.8.8” >> /etc/resolv.conf

Na nzọụkwụ a, ị nwekwara ike depụta diski ike igwe gị site na ịnye iwu ndị a.

# cat /proc/partitions
# ls /dev/[s|x|v]d*
# lsblk
# fdisk –l 

Ọ bụrụ na igwe gị bụ igwe mebere nke ọma, diski ike ahụ nwere ike ịnwe aha ndị ọzọ karịa sdx, dị ka xvda, vda, wdg. Nye iwu dị n'okpuru ka ịdepụta diski mebere ma ọ bụrụ na ị maghị atụmatụ ịkpọ aha diski.

# ls /dev | grep ‘^[s|v|x][v|d]’$* 

Ihe dị mkpa ịmara bụ na mgbakọ aha maka nchekwa draịva Raspberry PI na-abụkarị/dev/mmcblk0 yana maka ụfọdụ ụdị kaadị RAID ngwaike nwere ike ịbụ /dev/cciss.

5. Na nzọụkwụ ọzọ, anyị ga-amalite ịhazi akụkụ nke Hard Disk. Maka ọkwa a ị nwere ike ịgba ọsọ cfdisk, cgdisk, parted or gdisk utilities iji rụọ nhazi nkebi diski maka diski GPT. Ana m akwadosi ike iji cfdisk maka ọkachamara na-achụ ya na ịdị mfe iji.

Maka akụkụ bụ isi, tebụl okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu na-eji usoro a.

  • Nkebi Sistemu EFI (/dev/sda1) nwere nha 300M, haziri FAT32.
  • Gbanwee nkebi (/dev/sda2) nwere nha 2xRAM akwadoro, Gbanwee.
  • Mgbọrọgwụ nkebi (/dev/sda3) nwere opekata mpe 20G nha ma ọ bụ ohere HDD fọdụrụnụ, ext4 haziri.

Ugbu a, ka anyị malite ịmepụta tebụl okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu site na iji cfdisk iwu megide draịvụ ike igwe, họrọ ụdị akara GPT, wee họrọ Free Space  wee pịa Ọhụrụ site na menu ala, dị ka e gosiri na nseta ihuenyo dị n'okpuru.

# cfdisk /dev/sda

6. Pịnye nha nkebi na MB (300M) wee pịa igodo tinye, họrọ Ụdị site na menu ala wee họrọ ụdị nkebi Sistemu EFI, dị ka egosiri na nseta ihuenyo ndị a.

Ịmechaala nhazi nkebi Sistemu EFI.

7. Na-esote, ka anyị jiri otu usoro mepụta nkebi Swap. Jiri igodo mgbada ma họrọ ọzọ Oghere efu na-emegharị usoro ndị a dị n'elu: Nha nkebi ọhụrụ ->  akwadoro nha 2xRAM (ị nwere ike iji 1G n'enweghị nsogbu) -> Ụdị mgbanwe Linux.

Jiri nseta ihuenyo dị n'okpuru dị ka ntuziaka ịmepụta nkebi swap.

8. N'ikpeazụ, maka /(mgbọrọgwụ) nkebi jiri nhazi ndị a: Ọhụrụ -> Nha: ohere ezumike efu -> Ụdị sistemụ faịlụ Linux.

Mgbe ị tụlechara Tebụl Nkebi họrọ Dee, zaa eeh ka itinye mgbanwe diski wee pịnye kwụsị ịpụ cfdisk utility, dị ka egosiri na foto dị n'okpuru.

9. Ugbu a, e dela tebụl nkebi gị na HDD GPT mana ọ nweghị sistemụ faịlụ emebebeghị n'elu ya. Ị nwekwara ike nyochaa nchịkọta tebụl nkebi site na iji fdisk iwu.

# fdisk -l

10. Ugbu a, ọ bụ oge iji hazie akụkụ ahụ na sistemụ faịlụ achọrọ. Nye iwu ndị a ka ịmepụta usoro faịlụ FAT32 maka akụkụ EFI System (/ dev/sda), iji mepụta usoro faịlụ EXT4 maka mgbọrọgwụ nkebi (/ dev/sda3) wee mepụta nkebi swap maka/dev/sda2.

# mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/sda1
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3
# mkswap /dev/sda2

Nzọụkwụ 2: Wụnye Arch Linux

11.  Iji wụnye Arch Linux, a ga-etinye nkebi /(mgbọrọgwụ) n'ebe ugwu ndekọ aha /mnt ka e wee nweta ya. Ọzọkwa, ekwesịrị ibido nkebi swap. Nye iwu ndị a ka ịhazi usoro a.

# mount /dev/sda3 /mnt
# ls /mnt 
# swapon /dev/sda2

12. Mgbe emechara nkebi ndị ahụ nweta, oge eruola ịrụ nwụnye sistemụ Linux Arch. Ka iwelie ọsọ nbudata ngwungwu nwụnye ị nwere ike dezie /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist faịlụ wee họrọ webụsaịtị enyo kacha nso (na-ahọrọ ebe sava obodo gị) n'elu ndepụta faịlụ enyo.

# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist

Ị nwekwara ike ịkwado Arch Multilib nkwado maka usoro ndụ site n'ịmepụta ahịrị ndị a site na /etc/pacman.conf faịlụ.

[multilib]
Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist

13. Na-esote, malite ịwụnye Arch Linux site n'inye iwu a.

# pacstrap /mnt base base-devel linux linux-firmware nano vim

Dabere na akụrụngwa sistemụ gị yana ọsọ ịntanetị onye nrụnye nwere ike were site na 5 ruo nkeji 20 iji wuchaa.

14. Mgbe echichi mechara, wepụta fstab faịlụ maka sistemụ Arch Linux ọhụrụ gị site n'inye iwu a.

# genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab

Na-esote, nyochaa ọdịnaya faịlụ fstab site na iji iwu dị n'okpuru.

# cat /mnt/etc/fstab

Nzọụkwụ 3: Arch Linux System Nhazi

15.  Iji hazie Arch Linux ọzọ, ị ga chroot n’ime /mnt ụzọ sistemụ wee tinye aha nnabata maka sistemụ gị site na ịnye iwu ndị a.

# arch-chroot /mnt
# echo "archbox-tecmint" > /etc/hostname

16. Ọzọ, hazie Asụsụ sistemụ gị. Họrọ ma kwupụta asụsụ nzuzo nke ọkacha mmasị gị site na /etc/locale.gen file wee tọọ mpaghara gị site na iji iwu ndị a.

# pacman -S nano
# nano /etc/locale.gen

mpaghara faịlụ locale.gen:

en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
en_US ISO-8859-1

Mepụta nhazi asụsụ sistemụ gị.

# locale-gen
# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8

17. Nzọụkwụ ọzọ bụ ịhazi mpaghara oge sistemụ gị site na ịmepụta symlink maka mpaghara obere oge gị (/usr/share/zoneinfo/Continent/Main_city) ka /etc/localtime file ụzọ.

# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Aisa/Kolkata /etc/localtime

I kwesịkwara ịhazi elekere ngwaike iji UTC (a na-edobe elekere ngwaike na oge mpaghara).

# hwclock --systohc --utc

18. Dị ka ọtụtụ nkesa Linux ama ama, Arch Linux na-eji enyo repo maka ọnọdụ ụwa dị iche iche na ọtụtụ usoro architectures. A na-akwado ebe nchekwa ọkọlọtọ na ndabara, mana ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịgbalite ebe nchekwa Multilib, ị ga-ewepụtarịrị iwu [multilib] site na file /etc/pacman.conf, dị ka egosiri na nhọpụta dị n'okpuru.

# nano /etc/pacman.conf

19. Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịgbalite Yaourt Package Tool support (eji maka nbudata na wuo ngwugwu AUR) gaa na ala file /etc/pacman.conf wee tinye ntuziaka ndị a.

[archlinuxfr]
SigLevel = Never
Server = http://repo.archlinux.fr/$arch

20. Mgbe edezichara faịlụ nchekwa ahụ, mekọrịta ma kwalite enyo na ngwugwu data site na ịme iwu dị n'okpuru.

# pacman -Syu

21. Na-esote, guzobe paswọọdụ maka akaụntụ mgbọrọgwụ wee mepụta onye ọrụ ọhụrụ nwere ikike Sudo na igbe igbe site n'inye iwu ndị dị n'okpuru. Ọzọkwa, kubie ume okwuntughe onye ọrụ iji manye onye ọrụ ọhụrụ ịgbanwe paswọọdụ na nbanye mbụ.

# passwd
# useradd -mg users -G wheel,storage,power -s /bin/bash your_new_user
# passwd your_new_user
# chage -d 0 your_new_user

22. Mgbe agbakwunyere onye ọrụ ọhụrụ, ịkwesịrị ịwụnye ngwugwu sudo ma melite akara otu wheel site na /etc/sudoers faịlụ iji nye onye ọrụ agbakwunyere ọhụrụ ohere mgbọrọgwụ.

# pacman -S sudo
# pacman -S vim
# visudo 

Tinye ahịrị a na faịlụ /etc/sudoers:

%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL

24. N'ụkwụ ikpeazụ, wụnye Boot Loader ka Arch kwalite ma malitegharịa. Ihe ngwungwu GRUB na-anọchi anya ihe nkwụnye buut ndabara maka nkesa Linux yana Arch Linux.

Iji wụnye bootloader GRUB na igwe UEFI na diski ike mbụ wee chọpụta Arch Linux wee hazie faịlụ bootloader GRUB, mee iwu ndị a dị ka egosiri na nseta ihuenyo ndị a.

# pacman -S grub efibootmgr dosfstools os-prober mtools
# mkdir /boot/EFI
# mount /dev/sda1 /boot/EFI  #Mount FAT32 EFI partition 
# grub-install --target=x86_64-efi  --bootloader-id=grub_uefi --recheck

25. N'ikpeazụ, mepụta faịlụ nhazi GRUB site n'inye iwu na-esonụ.

# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg

Ekele! Awụnyela Arch Linux ugbu a ma hazie ya maka igbe gị. Nzọụkwụ ikpeazụ dị mkpa ugbu a bụ ịpụ na gburugburu chroot, kpọtuo akụkụ ahụ wee malitegharịa sistemụ site na ịnye iwu ndị a.

# exit
# umount -a
# telinit 6

26. Mgbe ịmalitegharịrị, wepụ ihe oyiyi mgbasa ozi nwụnye na usoro ahụ ga-ebuba ozugbo na menu GRUB dị ka egosiri n'okpuru.

27. Mgbe usoro akpụkpọ ụkwụ-elu n'ime Arch Linux, banye na nzere ahaziri maka onye ọrụ gị n'oge echichi usoro na-agbanwe onye ọrụ paswọọdụ paswọọdụ dị ka e gosiri n'okpuru.

28. Ị ga-atụfu njikọ netwọkụ ịntanetị n'ihi na ọ nweghị onye ahịa DHCP na-agba ọsọ na ndabara na sistemụ. Iji merie nsogbu a, nye iwu a na ikike mgbọrọgwụ ka ịmalite ma mee ka onye ahịa DHCP nwee ike.

Ọzọkwa, lelee ma ọ bụrụ na interface netwọk dị elu ma nwee adreesị IP nke ihe nkesa DHCP kenyere na ọ bụrụ na njikọ ịntanetị na-arụ ọrụ dịka a tụrụ anya ya. Ping ngalaba random iji nwalee njikọ ịntanetị.

$ sudo systemctl start dhcpcd
$ sudo systemctl enable dhcpcd
# ip a
# ping -c2 google.com

Maka ugbu a, sistemụ Arch Linux nwere naanị ngwungwu ngwanrọ achọrọ iji jikwaa sistemụ sitere na Command-Line, na-enweghị Interface Onye ọrụ eserese.

N'ihi nnukwu ibugharị ya, okirikiri ntọhapụ na-atụgharị, nchịkọta isi mmalite, njikwa ngwa ngwa arụnyere na ọsọ nhazi, Arch Linux yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ na Gentoo Linux, mana enweghị ike ibili n'ichepụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ Gentoo gbagwojuru anya.

Agbanyeghị, anaghị akwado usoro ijikwa sistemụ Arch Linux maka ndị mbido Linux. Ndị mbido Linux chọrọ ịrụ ọrụ sistemụ Arch dị ka Linux kwesịrị ibu ụzọ mụọ ụkpụrụ Arch Linux site na ịwụnye nkesa Manjaro Linux.