Otu esi achọpụta ndepụta ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri niile mepere emepe na Linux
N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-ekwu okwu nkenke maka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na netwọk kọmputa wee gaa ka ị nwere ike depụta ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri niile mepere emepe na Linux.
Na ịkparịta ụka n'Ịntanet, yana n'ezie na usoro ngwanrọ, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka njedebe nke nkwurịta okwu iji chọpụta ngwa ma ọ bụ usoro enyere na sistemụ arụmọrụ Linux. Ọ bụ nọmba 16-bit (0 ruo 65535) nke na-ekewa otu ngwa na nke ọzọ na sistemụ njedebe.
Usoro ụgbọ njem ịntanetị abụọ kachasị ewu ewu, Usoro njikwa nnyefe (TCP) na Onye ọrụ Datagram Protocol (UDP) na usoro ndị ọzọ amachaghị ama na-eji nọmba ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri maka nnọkọ nkwurịta okwu (isi iyi na nọmba ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na njikọ ya na adreesị IP isi mmalite na ebe aga).
Na mgbakwunye, njikọ nke adreesị IP, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na protocol dị ka TCP/UDP ka a maara dị ka oghere, ọrụ ọ bụla ga-enwerịrị oghere pụrụ iche.
N'okpuru bụ ụdị ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị iche iche:
- 0-1023 – ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri a ma ama nke a na-akpọkwa ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri sistemụ.
- 1024-49151 – ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri edebanyere aha, nke a makwaara dị ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri.
- 49152-65535 - ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị ike, nke a na-akpọkwa ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nkeonwe.
Ị nwere ike ịlele ndepụta ngwa dị iche iche yana nchikota ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri/protocol na faịlụ /etc/services na Linux site na iji iwu nwamba:
$ cat /etc/services OR $ cat /etc/services | less
# /etc/services: # $Id: services,v 1.48 2009/11/11 14:32:31 ovasik Exp $ # # Network services, Internet style # IANA services version: last updated 2009-11-10 # # Note that it is presently the policy of IANA to assign a single well-known # port number for both TCP and UDP; hence, most entries here have two entries # even if the protocol doesn't support UDP operations. # Updated from RFC 1700, ``Assigned Numbers'' (October 1994). Not all ports # are included, only the more common ones. # # The latest IANA port assignments can be gotten from # http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers # The Well Known Ports are those from 0 through 1023. # The Registered Ports are those from 1024 through 49151 # The Dynamic and/or Private Ports are those from 49152 through 65535 # # Each line describes one service, and is of the form: # # service-name port/protocol [aliases ...] [# comment] tcpmux 1/tcp # TCP port service multiplexer tcpmux 1/udp # TCP port service multiplexer rje 5/tcp # Remote Job Entry rje 5/udp # Remote Job Entry echo 7/tcp echo 7/udp discard 9/tcp sink null discard 9/udp sink null systat 11/tcp users systat 11/udp users daytime 13/tcp daytime 13/udp qotd 17/tcp quote qotd 17/udp quote msp 18/tcp # message send protocol msp 18/udp # message send protocol chargen 19/tcp ttytst source chargen 19/udp ttytst source ftp-data 20/tcp ftp-data 20/udp # 21 is registered to ftp, but also used by fsp ftp 21/tcp ftp 21/udp fsp fspd ssh 22/tcp # The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol ssh 22/udp # The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol telnet 23/tcp telnet 23/udp
Iji depụta ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri niile mepere emepe ma ọ bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-agba ugbu a gụnyere TCP na UDP na Linux, anyị ga-eji netstat, bụ ngwa dị ike maka nyochaa njikọ netwọkụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ.
$ netstat -lntu Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN tcp 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN tcp 0 0 :::25 :::* LISTEN udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:*
Ebee,
-l- na-ebipụta naanị sọket ege ntị-n- na-egosi nọmba ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri-t- na-enyere ndepụta nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri tcp aka-u- na-enyere ndepụta nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri udp aka
Ịnwekwara ike iji iwu ss, ọrụ bara uru ama ama maka nyocha oghere na sistemụ Linux. Gbaa iwu dị n'okpuru ka ịdepụta ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri TCP na UCP niile mepere emepe:
$ ss -lntu Netid State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port udp UNCONN 0 0 *:68 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 50 *:3306 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 128 :::80 ::* tcp LISTEN 0 100 :::25 :::* tcp LISTEN 0 100 *:25
Mee ka ọ bụrụ isi ihe ịgụ site na ibe nwoke nke iwu dị n'elu maka ozi ojiji ọzọ.
Na nchịkọta, ịghọta echiche nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na netwọk kọmputa dị ezigbo mkpa maka sistemụ na ndị nchịkwa netwọk. Ị nwekwara ike ịgafe ntuziaka netstat a site na iji ọmụmaatụ dị mfe, nke ziri ezi na nke akọwara nke ọma.
N'ikpeazụ ma ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ, kpọtụrụ anyị site na ịkekọrịta ụzọ ndị ọzọ maka ịdepụta ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri mepere emepe na Linux ma ọ bụ jụọ ajụjụ site na mpempe nzaghachi n'okpuru.