Ịghọta nhazi ọkwa dị iche iche nke Shell Command na ojiji ha na Linux
A bịa n'inweta njikwa zuru oke na sistemụ Linux gị, ọ nweghị ihe na-abịaru nso na interface akara iwu (CLI). Iji bụrụ onye ọrụ ike Linux, mmadụ ga-aghọtarịrị ụdị iwu shei dị iche iche yana ụzọ dabara adaba iji ha na ọdụ.
Na Linux, enwere ụdị iwu dị iche iche, yana maka onye ọrụ Linux ọhụrụ, ịmara ihe iwu dị iche iche pụtara na-enyere aka iji ya rụọ ọrụ nke ọma na nke ọma. Ya mere, n'isiokwu a, anyị ga-ejegharị na nhazi ọkwa dị iche iche nke shei na Linux.
Otu ihe dị mkpa ịmara bụ na interface ahịrị ahịrị iwu dị iche na shei ahụ, ọ na-enye naanị ụzọ maka ịnweta shei ahụ. Shei ahụ, nke bụkwa mmemme na-eme ka o kwe omume iji iwu na-ekwurịta okwu na kernel.
Nhazi dị iche iche nke iwu Linux dabara n'okpuru nhazi ndị a:
1. Mmemme executables (Iwu Sistemụ Faịlụ)
Mgbe ị na-eme iwu, Linux na-enyocha akwụkwọ ndekọ aha echekwara na mgbanwe gburugburu PATH site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri maka imezu iwu ahụ akọwapụtara.
Ị nwere ike ịlele akwụkwọ ndekọ aha na PATH dị ka ndị a:
$ echo $PATH /home/aaronkilik/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games
N'usoro dị n'elu, a ga-ebu ụzọ chọọ akwụkwọ ndekọ aha /home/aaronkilik/bin /usr/local/sbin na ihe ndị ọzọ, usoro a dị mkpa na nchọta a. usoro.
Ọmụmatụ nke usoro faịlụ iwu na ndekọ /usr/bin:
$ ll /bin/
total 16284 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 16:30 ./ drwxr-xr-x 23 root root 4096 Jul 31 16:29 ../ -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 6456 Apr 14 18:53 archdetect* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1037440 May 17 16:15 bash* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 520992 Jan 20 2016 btrfs* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 249464 Jan 20 2016 btrfs-calc-size* lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 5 Jul 31 16:19 btrfsck -> btrfs* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 278376 Jan 20 2016 btrfs-convert* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 249464 Jan 20 2016 btrfs-debug-tree* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 245368 Jan 20 2016 btrfs-find-root* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 270136 Jan 20 2016 btrfs-image* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 249464 Jan 20 2016 btrfs-map-logical* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 245368 Jan 20 2016 btrfs-select-super* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 253816 Jan 20 2016 btrfs-show-super* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 249464 Jan 20 2016 btrfstune* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 245368 Jan 20 2016 btrfs-zero-log* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 31288 May 20 2015 bunzip2* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1964536 Aug 19 2015 busybox* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 31288 May 20 2015 bzcat* lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Jul 31 16:19 bzcmp -> bzdiff* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2140 May 20 2015 bzdiff* lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Jul 31 16:19 bzegrep -> bzgrep* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4877 May 20 2015 bzexe* lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Jul 31 16:19 bzfgrep -> bzgrep* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3642 May 20 2015 bzgrep*
2. Linux Aliases
Ndị a bụ iwu akọwara onye ọrụ, emepụtara ya site na iji iwu arụrụ arụ na utu aha shei, ma nwee iwu shei ndị ọzọ nwere nhọrọ na arụmụka ụfọdụ. Echiche ndị a bụ iji aha ọhụrụ na nke dị mkpụmkpụ maka iwu ogologo.
Syntax maka imepụta utu aha bụ nke a:
$ alias newcommand='command -options'
Ka ịdepụta aha aha niile dị na sistemụ gị, nye iwu n'okpuru:
$ alias -p alias alert='notify-send --urgency=low -i "$([ $? = 0 ] && echo terminal || echo error)" "$(history|tail -n1|sed -e '\''s/^\s*[0-9]\+\s*//;s/[;&|]\s*alert$//'\'')"' alias egrep='egrep --color=auto' alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto' alias grep='grep --color=auto' alias l='ls -CF' alias la='ls -A' alias ll='ls -alF' alias ls='ls --color=auto'
Iji mepụta utu aha ọhụrụ na Linux, gaa na ụfọdụ atụ n'okpuru.
$ alias update='sudo apt update' $ alias upgrade='sudo apt dist-upgrade' $ alias -p | grep 'up'
Otú ọ dị, aliases anyị kere n'elu na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge, mgbe usoro ahụ maliteghachiri, ha agaghị arụ ọrụ mgbe akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-esote. Ị nwere ike ịtọ aha na-adịgide adịgide na faịlụ .bashrc gị dị ka egosiri n'okpuru.
Mgbe ịgbakwunye ha, mee iwu dị n'okpuru ka ọ rụọ ọrụ.
$ source ~/.bashrc
3. Linux Shell Okwu echekwara
Na mmemme shei, okwu ndị dị ka ma ọ bụrụ na, mgbe ahụ, fi, maka, mgbe, case, esac, ọzọ, ruo mgbe na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ bụ shei echekwabara okwu. Dị ka nkọwa ahụ na-egosi, ha nwere ihe pụrụ iche pụtara na shei ahụ.
Ị nwere ike depụta mkpụrụokwu shei Linux niile site na iji ụdị iwu dị ka egosiri:
$ type if then fi for while case esac else until if is a shell keyword then is a shell keyword fi is a shell keyword for is a shell keyword while is a shell keyword case is a shell keyword esac is a shell keyword else is a shell keyword until is a shell keyword
4. Ọrụ Shell Linux
Ọrụ shei bụ otu iwu nke a na-emekọ ọnụ n'ime shei ugbu a. Ọrụ na-enyere aka ịrụ otu ọrụ na edemede shei. Ụdị ọrụ nke shei a na-emekarị na edemede bụ:
function_name() {
command1
command2
…….
}
N'aka nke ọzọ,
function function_name {
command1
command2
…….
}
Ka anyị leba anya ka esi ede ọrụ shei n'edemede akpọrọ shell_functions.sh.
#!/bin/bash
#write a shell function to update and upgrade installed packages
upgrade_system(){
sudo apt update;
sudo apt dist-upgrade;
}
#execute function
upgrade_system
Kama imezu iwu abụọ a: sudo apt update na sudo apt dist-upgrade site na ahịrị iwu, anyị edeela ọrụ shei dị mfe iji mezuo iwu abụọ a dị ka otu. iwu, upgrade_system n'ime edemede.
Chekwaa faịlụ ahụ ma emesịa, mee ka edemede ahụ rụọ ọrụ. N'ikpeazụ mee ya dị ka n'okpuru:
$ chmod +x shell_functions.sh $ ./shell_functions.sh
5. Iwu arụnyere Shell Linux
Ndị a bụ iwu Linux arụnyere n'ime shei ahụ, yabụ ị nweghị ike ịchọta ha n'ime sistemụ faịlụ. Ha gụnyere pwd, cd, bg, utu aha, akụkọ ihe mere eme, ụdị, isi mmalite, ịgụ, ọpụpụ na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.
Ị nwere ike depụta ma ọ bụ lelee iwu arụnyere Linux site na iji ụdị iwu dị ka egosiri:
$ type pwd pwd is a shell builtin $ type cd cd is a shell builtin $ type bg bg is a shell builtin $ type alias alias is a shell builtin $ type history history is a shell builtin
Mụta maka ụfọdụ ojiji iwu arụnyere na Linux:
- 15 'pwd' Ihe atụ iwu na Linux
- 15 'cd' Ihe atụ iwu na Linux
- Mụta ike nke iwu 'akụkọ ihe mere eme' Linux
Mmechi
Dịka onye ọrụ Linux, ọ dị mkpa mgbe niile ịmara ụdị iwu ị na-agba. Ekwenyere m, site na nkọwa ziri ezi ma dị mfe nghọta dị n'elu gụnyere ihe atụ ole na ole dị mkpa, ị nwere ike ịghọta nke ọma ụdị dị iche iche nke iwu Linux.
Ị nwekwara ike ịbanye na nke siri ike site na ngalaba nkọwa n'okpuru maka ajụjụ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ echiche mgbakwunye nke ịchọrọ ịnye anyị.