Otu esi achọta na hazie faịlụ dabere na ụbọchị mgbanwe na oge na Linux
Ọ na-emekarị, anyị na-enwekwa àgwà nke ịchekwa ọtụtụ ozi n'ụdị faịlụ na sistemụ anyị. Ụfọdụ, faịlụ zoro ezo, ụfọdụ na-edobe na nchekwa dị iche nke emepụtara maka ịdị mfe nghọta anyị, ebe ụfọdụ dị ka ọ dị. Ma, nke a dum stof jupụtara anyị directories; na-emekarị desktọọpụ, na-eme ka ọ dị ka ọgbaghara. Ma, nsogbu na-ebilite mgbe anyị kwesịrị ịchọ otu faịlụ gbanwetụrụ na otu ụbọchị na oge na nnukwu mkpokọta a.
Ndị nwere mmasị na GUI nwere ike ịchọta ya site na iji Njikwa faili, nke na-edepụta faịlụ n'ụdị ndepụta ogologo, na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịchọpụta ihe anyị chọrọ, mana ndị ọrụ ahụ nwere àgwà nke ihuenyo ojii, ma ọ bụ ọbụna onye ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ na sava na-enweghị GUI. chọrọ iwu dị mfe ma ọ bụ usoro iwu nke nwere ike ime ka ọchụchọ ha dị mfe.
Ezigbo ịma mma nke Linux na-egosi ebe a, dịka Linux nwere nchịkọta iwu nke ọ bụrụ na ejiri ya iche ma ọ bụ ọnụ nwere ike inye aka ịchọ faịlụ, ma ọ bụ dozie nchịkọta faịlụ dịka aha ha si dị, ụbọchị mgbanwe, oge okike, ma ọ bụ ọbụna ihe ọ bụla. nyo ị nwere ike iche echiche itinye akwụkwọ iji nweta nsonaazụ gị.
N'ebe a, anyị ga-ekpughere ezigbo ike nke Linux site n'inyocha usoro iwu nke nwere ike inye aka ịhazi faịlụ ma ọ bụ ọbụna ndepụta faịlụ site na Ụbọchị na Oge.
Utilities Linux iji hazie faịlụ na Linux
Ụfọdụ ọrụ ahịrị ahịrị Linux bụ isi nke zuru oke maka ịhazi ndekọ dabere na ụbọchị na oge bụ:
ls - Ndepụta ọdịnaya nke akwụkwọ ndekọ aha, ọrụ a nwere ike depụta faịlụ na akwụkwọ ndekọ aha ma nwee ike depụta ozi ọkwa niile gbasara ha gụnyere: ụbọchị na oge mgbanwe ma ọ bụ ohere, ikike, nha, onye nwe, otu wdg.
Anyị ekpuchilarị ọtụtụ akụkọ na iwu Linux ls na ụdị iwu, ị nwere ike ịhụ ha n'okpuru:
- Mụta Iwu ls na ihe atụ 15 bụ isi
- Mụta Iwu 7 na-aga n'ihu ls na ihe atụ
- 15 Ajụjụ ajụjụ ọnụ bara uru na ls Command na Linux
ụdị - Enwere ike iji iwu a dozie nsonaazụ ọchụchọ ọ bụla site na mpaghara ọ bụla ma ọ bụ kọlụm ọ bụla nke ubi.
Anyị ekpuchilarị akụkọ abụọ na ụdị iwu Linux, ị nwere ike ịhụ ha n'okpuru:
- 14 Ihe atụ Iwu 'ụdị' Linux - Akụkụ 1
- 7 Ihe atụ Iwu 'ụdị' Linux bara uru - Akụkụ 2
Iwu ndị a dị n'ime onwe ha dị ike nke ukwuu iji mara ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-arụ ọrụ na ihuenyo ojii ma na-emekọ ọtụtụ faịlụ, naanị iji nweta nke ịchọrọ.
Ụzọ ụfọdụ isi hazie faịlụ site na iji ụbọchị na oge
N'okpuru bụ ndepụta nke iwu ịhazi dabere na ụbọchị na oge.
Iwu dị n'okpuru na-edepụta faịlụ n'ụdị ndepụta ogologo, ma na-ahazi faịlụ dabere na oge mgbanwe, nke kachasị ọhụrụ. Iji hazie usoro ọzọ, jiri iwu a gbanwee -r.
# ls -lt total 673768 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 3312130 Jan 19 15:24 When You Are Gone.MP3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 4177212 Jan 19 15:24 When I Dream At Night - Marc Anthony-1.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 4177212 Jan 19 15:24 When I Dream At Night - Marc Anthony.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 6629090 Jan 19 15:24 Westlife_Tonight.MP3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 3448832 Jan 19 15:24 We Are The World by USA For Africa (Michael Jackson).mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 8580934 Jan 19 15:24 This Love.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 2194832 Jan 19 15:24 The Cross Of Changes.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 5087527 Jan 19 15:24 T.N.T. For The Brain 5.18.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 3437100 Jan 19 15:24 Summer Of '69.MP3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 4360278 Jan 19 15:24 Smell Of Desire.4.32.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 4582632 Jan 19 15:24 Silence Must Be Heard 4.46.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 4147119 Jan 19 15:24 Shadows In Silence 4.19.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 4189654 Jan 19 15:24 Sarah Brightman & Enigma - Eden (remix).mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 4124421 Jan 19 15:24 Sade - Smooth Operator.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 4771840 Jan 19 15:24 Sade - And I Miss You.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 3749477 Jan 19 15:24 Run To You.MP3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 7573679 Jan 19 15:24 Roger Sanchez_Another Chance_Full_Mix.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 3018211 Jan 19 15:24 Principal Of Lust.3.08.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 5688390 Jan 19 15:24 Please Forgive Me.MP3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 3381827 Jan 19 15:24 Obvious.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 5499073 Jan 19 15:24 Namstey-London-Viraaniya.mp3 -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 3129210 Jan 19 15:24 MOS-Enya - Only Time (Pop Radio mix).m
Ndepụta faịlụ n'ime ndekọ aha dabere na oge nnweta ikpeazụ, ya bụ dabere na oge enwetara faịlụ ahụ ikpeazụ, emezighị ya.
# ls -ltu total 3084272 drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:24 Music drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 Linux-ISO drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 Music-Player drwx------ 3 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 tor-browser_en-US drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 bin drwxr-xr-x 11 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 Android Games drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 Songs drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 renamefiles drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 katoolin-master drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 Tricks drwxr-xr-x 3 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 Linux-Tricks drwxr-xr-x 6 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 tuptime drwxr-xr-x 4 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 xdm drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 20480 Jan 19 15:22 ffmpeg usage drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:22 xdm-helper
Ndepụta faịlụ dị na ndekọ dabere na oge mgbanwe ikpeazụ nke ozi ọkwa faịlụ, ma ọ bụ oge. Iwu a ga-ebu ụzọ depụta faịlụ ahụ onye ozi ọkwa ọ bụla dịka: onye nwe, otu, ikike, nha wdg agbanweela n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.
# ls -ltc total 3084272 drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 15:24 Music drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 13:05 img -rw------- 1 tecmint tecmint 262191 Jan 19 12:15 tecmint.jpeg drwxr-xr-x 5 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 19 10:57 Desktop drwxr-xr-x 7 tecmint tecmint 12288 Jan 18 16:00 Downloads drwxr-xr-x 13 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 18 15:36 VirtualBox VMs -rwxr-xr-x 1 tecmint tecmint 691 Jan 13 14:57 special.sh -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 654325 Jan 4 16:55 powertop-2.7.tar.gz.save -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 654329 Jan 4 11:17 filename.tar.gz drwxr-xr-x 3 tecmint tecmint 4096 Jan 4 11:04 powertop-2.7 -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 447795 Dec 31 14:22 Happy-New-Year-2016.jpg -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 12 Dec 18 18:46 ravi -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 1823 Dec 16 12:45 setuid.txt ...
Ọ bụrụ na ejiri iwu ndị dị n'elu mee ihe mgba ọkụ -a, ha nwere ike depụta ma hazie ọbụna faịlụ ezoro ezo dị na ndekọ aha ugbu a, na -r ịgbanwee depụtara mmepụta n'usoro ọzọ.
Maka nhazi ọzọ dị omimi, dị ka nhazi na mmepụta nke ịchọta iwu, agbanyeghị ls nwekwara ike iji, mana ebe ahụ ụdị na-enye aka karịa n'ihi na mmepụta nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị faịlụ. aha mana mpaghara ọ bụla onye ọrụ chọrọ.
Iwu n'okpuru na-egosi ojiji nke ụdị nwere iwu chọọ iji hazie ndepụta faịlụ dabere na ụbọchị na oge.
Iji mụtakwuo maka ịchọta iwu, soro njikọ a: 35 Ihe Nlereanya bara uru nke 'chọta' Iwu na Linux
N'ebe a, anyị na-eji ịchọta iwu iji chọta faịlụ niile na mgbọrọgwụ ('/') ndekọ wee bipụta nsonaazụ ya dị ka: Ọnwa nke enwetara faịlụ wee nweta aha faịlụ. N'ime nsonaazụ ahụ zuru oke, ebe a anyị depụtara ndenye 11 kacha elu.
# find / -type f -printf "\n%Ab %p" | head -n 11 Dec /usr/lib/nvidia/pre-install Dec /usr/lib/libcpufreq.so.0.0.0 Apr /usr/lib/libchromeXvMCPro.so.1.0.0 Apr /usr/lib/libt1.so.5.1.2 Apr /usr/lib/libchromeXvMC.so.1.0.0 Apr /usr/lib/libcdr-0.0.so.0.0.15 Dec /usr/lib/msttcorefonts/update-ms-fonts Nov /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf32_x86_64.xr Nov /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf_i386.xbn Nov /usr/lib/ldscripts/i386linux.xn
Iwu dị n'okpuru na-ahazi mmepụta site na iji igodo dị ka ubi mbụ, akọwapụtara site na -k1 wee hazie ya na ọnwa dịka M akọwapụtara n'ihu ya.
# find / -type f -printf "\n%Ab %p" | head -n 11 | sort -k1M Apr /usr/lib/libcdr-0.0.so.0.0.15 Apr /usr/lib/libchromeXvMCPro.so.1.0.0 Apr /usr/lib/libchromeXvMC.so.1.0.0 Apr /usr/lib/libt1.so.5.1.2 Nov /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf32_x86_64.xr Nov /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf_i386.xbn Nov /usr/lib/ldscripts/i386linux.xn Dec /usr/lib/libcpufreq.so.0.0.0 Dec /usr/lib/msttcorefonts/update-ms-fonts Dec /usr/lib/nvidia/pre-install
N'ebe a, anyị na-ejikwa ịchọta iwu iji chọta faịlụ niile dị na ndekọ mgbọrọgwụ, mana ugbu a anyị ga-ebipụta nsonaazụ dịka: ụbọchị ikpeazụ enwetara faịlụ ahụ, oge ikpeazụ enwetara faịlụ ahụ wee bụrụ aha faịlụ. N'ime nke ahụ anyị na-ewepụta ndenye 11 kacha elu.
# find / -type f -printf "\n%AD %AT %p" | head -n 11 12/08/15 11:30:38.0000000000 /usr/lib/nvidia/pre-install 12/07/15 10:34:45.2694776230 /usr/lib/libcpufreq.so.0.0.0 04/11/15 06:08:34.9819910430 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMCPro.so.1.0.0 04/11/15 06:08:34.9939910430 /usr/lib/libt1.so.5.1.2 04/11/15 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMC.so.1.0.0 04/11/15 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libcdr-0.0.so.0.0.15 12/18/15 11:19:25.2656728990 /usr/lib/msttcorefonts/update-ms-fonts 11/12/15 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf32_x86_64.xr 11/12/15 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf_i386.xbn 11/12/15 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/i386linux.xn
Ụdị iwu dị n'okpuru ebe a na-ebu ụzọ na-adabere na ọnụọgụ ikpeazụ nke afọ, wee malite na ndabere nke ọnụọgụ ikpeazụ nke ọnwa n'usoro ọzọ na n'ikpeazụ na-adabere na nke mbụ ubi. N'ebe a, '1.8' pụtara kọlụm nke asatọ nke ubi mbụ na 'n' n'ihu ya pụtara ụdị ọnụọgụgụ, ebe 'r' na-egosi nhazi usoro ntụgharị.
# find / -type f -printf "\n%AD %AT %p" | head -n 11 | sort -k1.8n -k1.1nr -k1 12/07/15 10:34:45.2694776230 /usr/lib/libcpufreq.so.0.0.0 12/08/15 11:30:38.0000000000 /usr/lib/nvidia/pre-install 12/18/15 11:19:25.2656728990 /usr/lib/msttcorefonts/update-ms-fonts 11/12/15 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf32_x86_64.xr 11/12/15 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf_i386.xbn 11/12/15 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/i386linux.xn 04/11/15 06:08:34.9819910430 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMCPro.so.1.0.0 04/11/15 06:08:34.9939910430 /usr/lib/libt1.so.5.1.2 04/11/15 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libcdr-0.0.so.0.0.15 04/11/15 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMC.so.1.0.0
N'ebe a, anyị na-ejikwa ịchọta iwu iji depụta faịlụ 11 kachasị na ndekọ mgbọrọgwụ wee bipụta nsonaazụ ya n'ụdị: oge ikpeazụ enwetara faịlụ wee bụrụ aha faịlụ.
# find / -type f -printf "\n%AT %p" | head -n 11 11:30:38.0000000000 /usr/lib/nvidia/pre-install 10:34:45.2694776230 /usr/lib/libcpufreq.so.0.0.0 06:08:34.9819910430 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMCPro.so.1.0.0 06:08:34.9939910430 /usr/lib/libt1.so.5.1.2 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMC.so.1.0.0 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libcdr-0.0.so.0.0.15 11:19:25.2656728990 /usr/lib/msttcorefonts/update-ms-fonts 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf32_x86_64.xr 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf_i386.xbn 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/i386linux.xn
Iwu dị n'okpuru na-ahazi mmepụta dabere na kọlụm mbụ nke ubi mbụ nke mmepụta nke bụ nkeji mbụ nke elekere.
# find / -type f -printf "\n%AT %p" | head -n 11 | sort -k1.1n 06:08:34.9819910430 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMCPro.so.1.0.0 06:08:34.9939910430 /usr/lib/libt1.so.5.1.2 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libcdr-0.0.so.0.0.15 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMC.so.1.0.0 10:34:45.2694776230 /usr/lib/libcpufreq.so.0.0.0 11:19:25.2656728990 /usr/lib/msttcorefonts/update-ms-fonts 11:30:38.0000000000 /usr/lib/nvidia/pre-install 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf32_x86_64.xr 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf_i386.xbn 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/i386linux.xn
Iwu a na-ahazi mmepụta nke iwu ls -l dabere na ọnwa ubi nke isii, wee dabere na mpaghara 7 nke bụ ụbọchị, ọnụọgụ.
# ls -l | sort -k6M -k7n total 116 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 1 19:51 backup.tgz drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 7 15:27 Desktop -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 15853 Oct 7 15:19 powertop_report.csv -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 79112 Oct 7 15:25 powertop.html -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 16 15:26 file3 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13 Oct 16 15:17 B -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 21 Oct 16 15:16 A -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 64 Oct 16 15:38 C
Mmechi
N'otu aka ahụ, site n'inwe ụfọdụ ihe ọmụma nke ụdị iwu, ị nwere ike hazie ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndepụta ọ bụla dabere na mpaghara ọ bụla yana ọbụna kọlụm ọ bụla ịchọrọ. Ndị a bụ ụfọdụ aghụghọ iji nyere gị aka ịhazi faịlụ dabere na ụbọchị ma ọ bụ Oge. Ị nwere ike ịmepụta aghụghọ nke gị dabere na ndị a. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na ị nwere aghụghọ ọ bụla ọzọ na-atọ ụtọ, ị nwere ike ịkọ nke ahụ mgbe niile na nkwupụta gị.