Iwu 10 iji nakọta ozi sistemụ na ngwaike na Linux
Ọ bụ omume dị mma mgbe niile ịmara akụrụngwa ngwaike nke sistemụ Linux gị na-arụ ọrụ, nke a na-enyere gị aka ịnagide nsogbu ndakọrịta ma a bịa n'ịwụnye ngwugwu, ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na sistemụ gị na-eji apt.
Ya mere, n'iwu ndị a bara uru nke nwere ike inyere gị aka wepụ ozi gbasara sistemụ Linux gị na ngwaike.
1. Otu esi ele ozi sistemụ Linux
Iji mara naanị aha sistemụ, ịnwere ike iji iwu enweghị aha na-enweghị mgba ọkụ ọ bụla ga-ebipụta ozi sistemụ ma ọ bụ iwu uname -s ga-ebipụta aha kernel nke sistemụ gị.
[email ~ $ uname Linux
Ka ilele aha nnabata netwọkụ gị, jiri ‘-n’ ịgbanwee jiri iwu enweghị aha dịka egosiri.
[email ~ $ uname -n linux-console.net
Iji nweta ozi gbasara ụdị kernel, jiri mgba ọkụ '-v'.
[email ~ $ uname -v #64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Sep 22 21:28:38 UTC 2014
Iji nweta ozi gbasara ntọhapụ kernel gị, jiri mgba ọkụ '-r'.
[email ~ $ uname -r 3.13.0-37-generic
Iji bipụta aha akụrụngwa akụrụngwa gị, jiri mgba ọkụ '-m':
[email ~ $ uname -m x86_64
Enwere ike ibipụta ozi a niile ozugbo site n'ịgba iwu 'uname -a' dị ka egosiri n'okpuru.
[email ~ $ uname -a Linux linux-console.net 3.13.0-37-generic #64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Sep 22 21:28:38 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
2. Otu esi ele ozi ngwaike sistemụ Linux
N'ebe a, ị nwere ike iji ngwa lshw iji kpokọta ozi buru ibu gbasara akụrụngwa akụrụngwa gị dịka cpu, diski, ebe nchekwa, ndị na-ahụ maka usb, wdg.
lshw bụ ngwá ọrụ dị ntakịrị ma enwere nhọrọ ole na ole ị nwere ike iji ya mee ihe mgbe ị na-ewepụta ozi. Ozi nke lshw nyere sitere na faịlụ/proc dị iche iche.
Mara: Cheta na onye superuser (mgbọrọgwụ) ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ sudo na-eme iwu lshw.
Ka ibipụta ozi gbasara ngwaike sistemu Linux gị, mee iwu a.
[email ~ $ sudo lshw
linux-console.net
description: Notebook
product: 20354 (LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70)
vendor: LENOVO
version: Lenovo Z50-70
serial: 1037407803441
width: 64 bits
capabilities: smbios-2.7 dmi-2.7 vsyscall32
configuration: administrator_password=disabled boot=normal
chassis=notebook family=IDEAPAD frontpanel_password=disabled
keyboard_password=disabled power-on_password=disabled
sku=LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70
uuid=E4B1D229-D237-E411-9F6E-28D244EBBD98
*-core
description: Motherboard
product: Lancer 5A5
vendor: LENOVO
physical id: 0
version: 31900059WIN
serial: YB06377069
slot: Type2 - Board Chassis Location
*-firmware
description: BIOS
vendor: LENOVO
physical id: 0
version: 9BCN26WW
date: 07/31/2014
size: 128KiB
capacity: 4032KiB
capabilities: pci upgrade shadowing cdboot bootselect edd
int13floppytoshiba int13floppy360 int13floppy1200 int13floppy720
int13floppy2880 int9keyboard int10video acpi usb biosbootspecification uefi
......
Ị nwere ike ibipụta nchịkọta ozi ngwaike gị site na iji nhọrọ -short.
[email ~ $ sudo lshw -short
H/W path Device Class Description
=====================================================
system 20354 (LENOVO_MT_20354_
BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70)
/0 bus Lancer 5A5
/0/0 memory 128KiB BIOS
/0/4 processor Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4210U
CPU @ 1.70GHz
/0/4/b memory 32KiB L1 cache
/0/4/c memory 256KiB L2 cache
/0/4/d memory 3MiB L3 cache
/0/a memory 32KiB L1 cache
/0/12 memory 8GiB System Memory
/0/12/0 memory DIMM [empty]
/0/12/1 memory DIMM [empty]
/0/12/2 memory 8GiB SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous
1600 MHz (0.6 ns)
/0/12/3 memory DIMM [empty]
/0/100 bridge Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller
/0/100/2 display Haswell-ULT Integrated
Graphics Controller
/0/100/3 multimedia Haswell-ULT HD Audio Controller
...
Ọ bụrụ na-ịchọrọ ịmepụta mmepụta dị ka faịlụ HTML, ị nwere ike iji nhọrọ -html.
[email ~ $ sudo lshw -html > lshw.html
3. Otu esi ele ozi CPU Linux
Ka ilele ozi gbasara CPU gị, jiri iwu lscpu ka ọ na-egosi ozi gbasara ihe owuwu CPU gị dị ka ọnụọgụ CPU, cores, ụdị ezinụlọ CPU, cache CPU, eri, wdg sitere na sysfs na /proc/cpuinfo.
[email ~ $ lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 4 On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3 Thread(s) per core: 2 Core(s) per socket: 2 Socket(s): 1 NUMA node(s): 1 Vendor ID: GenuineIntel CPU family: 6 Model: 69 Stepping: 1 CPU MHz: 768.000 BogoMIPS: 4788.72 Virtualization: VT-x L1d cache: 32K L1i cache: 32K L2 cache: 256K L3 cache: 3072K NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3
4. Otu esi anakọta ozi ngwaọrụ Linux Block Linux
Ngwa ngọngọ bụ ngwaọrụ nchekwa dị ka diski ike, draịva flash, wdg. A na-eji iwu lsblk kọọ ozi gbasara ngwaọrụ ngọngọ dịka ndị a.
[email ~ $ lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda2 8:2 0 260M 0 part /boot/efi ├─sda3 8:3 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda4 8:4 0 128M 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 557.1G 0 part ├─sda6 8:6 0 25G 0 part ├─sda7 8:7 0 14.7G 0 part ├─sda8 8:8 0 1M 0 part ├─sda9 8:9 0 324.5G 0 part / └─sda10 8:10 0 7.9G 0 part [SWAP] sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ile niile ngọngọ ngwaọrụ na gị usoro mgbe ahụ na-agụnye -a nhọrọ.
[email ~ $ lsblk -a NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda2 8:2 0 260M 0 part /boot/efi ├─sda3 8:3 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda4 8:4 0 128M 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 557.1G 0 part ├─sda6 8:6 0 25G 0 part ├─sda7 8:7 0 14.7G 0 part ├─sda8 8:8 0 1M 0 part ├─sda9 8:9 0 324.5G 0 part / └─sda10 8:10 0 7.9G 0 part [SWAP] sdb 8:16 1 0 disk sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom ram0 1:0 0 64M 0 disk ram1 1:1 0 64M 0 disk ram2 1:2 0 64M 0 disk ram3 1:3 0 64M 0 disk ram4 1:4 0 64M 0 disk ram5 1:5 0 64M 0 disk ram6 1:6 0 64M 0 disk ram7 1:7 0 64M 0 disk ram8 1:8 0 64M 0 disk ram9 1:9 0 64M 0 disk loop0 7:0 0 0 loop loop1 7:1 0 0 loop loop2 7:2 0 0 loop loop3 7:3 0 0 loop loop4 7:4 0 0 loop loop5 7:5 0 0 loop loop6 7:6 0 0 loop loop7 7:7 0 0 loop ram10 1:10 0 64M 0 disk ram11 1:11 0 64M 0 disk ram12 1:12 0 64M 0 disk ram13 1:13 0 64M 0 disk ram14 1:14 0 64M 0 disk ram15 1:15 0 64M 0 disk
5. Otu esi ebipụta ozi njikwa USB
A na-eji iwu lsusb kọọ akụkọ gbasara ndị na-ahụ maka USB na ngwaọrụ niile ejikọrọ na ha.
[email ~ $ lsusb Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:8000 Intel Corp. Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub Bus 002 Device 005: ID 0bda:b728 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. Bus 002 Device 004: ID 5986:0249 Acer, Inc Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0bda:0129 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. RTS5129 Card Reader Controller Bus 002 Device 002: ID 045e:00cb Microsoft Corp. Basic Optical Mouse v2.0 Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Ị nwere ike iji nhọrọ -v mepụta ozi zuru ezu gbasara ngwaọrụ USB ọ bụla.
[email ~ $ lsusb -v
6. Otu esi ebipụta ozi ngwaọrụ PCI
Ngwaọrụ PCI nwere ike ịgụnye ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri USB, kaadị eserese, ihe nkwụnye netwọkụ, wdg. A na-eji ngwá ọrụ lspci mepụta ozi gbasara ndị na-ahụ maka PCI niile na sistemụ gị yana ngwaọrụ ejikọrọ na ha.
Ka ibipụta ozi gbasara ngwaọrụ PCI gbasoro iwu a.
[email ~ $ lspci 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller (rev 0b) 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0b) 00:03.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT HD Audio Controller (rev 0b) 00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB xHCI HC (rev 04) 00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HECI #0 (rev 04) 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HD Audio Controller (rev 04) 00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 3 (rev e4) 00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 4 (rev e4) 00:1c.4 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 5 (rev e4) 00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB EHCI #1 (rev 04) 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP LPC Controller (rev 04) 00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SATA Controller 1 [AHCI mode] (rev 04) 00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SMBus Controller (rev 04) 01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 10) 02:00.0 Network controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8723BE PCIe Wireless Network Adapter 03:00.0 3D controller: NVIDIA Corporation GM108M [GeForce 840M] (rev a2)
Jiri nhọrọ -t mepụta mmepụta n'ụdị osisi.
[email ~ $ lspci -t
-[0000:00]-+-00.0
+-02.0
+-03.0
+-14.0
+-16.0
+-1b.0
+-1c.0-[01]----00.0
+-1c.3-[02]----00.0
+-1c.4-[03]----00.0
+-1d.0
+-1f.0
+-1f.2
\-1f.3
Jiri nhọrọ -v mepụta ozi zuru ezu gbasara ngwaọrụ ọ bụla ejikọrọ.
[email ~ $ lspci -v 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller (rev 0b) Subsystem: Lenovo Device 3978 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Capabilities: 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0b) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) Subsystem: Lenovo Device 380d Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 62 Memory at c3000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M] Memory at d0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M] I/O ports at 6000 [size=64] Expansion ROM at [disabled] Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: i915 .....
7. Otu esi ebipụta ozi ngwaọrụ SCSI
Ka ilele ngwaọrụ scsi/sata gị niile, jiri iwu lsscsi dị ka ndị a. Ọ bụrụ na ị nweghị akụrụngwa lsscsi arụnyere, mee iwu a ka ịwụnye ya.
$ sudo apt-get install lsscsi [on Debian derivatives] # yum install lsscsi [On RedHat based systems] # dnf install lsscsi [On Fedora 21+ Onwards]
Mgbe echichi gasịrị, mee iwu lsscsi dị ka egosiri:
[email ~ $ lsscsi [0:0:0:0] disk ATA ST1000LM024 HN-M 2BA3 /dev/sda [1:0:0:0] cd/dvd PLDS DVD-RW DA8A5SH RL61 /dev/sr0 [4:0:0:0] disk Generic- xD/SD/M.S. 1.00 /dev/sdb
Jiri nhọrọ -s gosi nha ngwaọrụ.
[email ~ $ lsscsi -s [0:0:0:0] disk ATA ST1000LM024 HN-M 2BA3 /dev/sda 1.00TB [1:0:0:0] cd/dvd PLDS DVD-RW DA8A5SH RL61 /dev/sr0 - [4:0:0:0] disk Generic- xD/SD/M.S. 1.00 /dev/sdb -
8. Otu esi ebipụta ozi gbasara ngwaọrụ SATA
Ị nwere ike ịchọta ụfọdụ ozi gbasara ngwaọrụ sata na sistemụ gị dị ka ndị a site na iji hdparm utility. N'ihe atụ dị n'okpuru, ejiri m ngwaọrụ ngọngọ/dev/sda1 nke bụ diski ike na sistemụ m.
[email ~ $ sudo hdparm /dev/sda1 /dev/sda1: multcount = 0 (off) IO_support = 1 (32-bit) readonly = 0 (off) readahead = 256 (on) geometry = 56065/255/63, sectors = 2048000, start = 2048
Iji bipụta ozi gbasara geometry ngwaọrụ n'usoro nke cylinders, isi, ngalaba, nha, na nbido nke ngwaọrụ ahụ, jiri nhọrọ -g.
[email ~ $ sudo hdparm -g /dev/sda1 /dev/sda1: geometry = 56065/255/63, sectors = 2048000, start = 2048
9. Otu esi elele ozi sistemụ faịlụ Linux
Iji kpokọta ozi gbasara akụkụ sistemụ faịlụ, ị nwere ike iji gbanwee akụkụ sistemụ faịlụ, enwere ike iji ya lelee ozi gbasara akụkụ dị iche iche na sistemụ faịlụ gị.
Ị nwere ike ibipụta ozi nkebi dịka ndị a. Cheta na ị na-agba ọsọ iwu dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ ma ọ bụ na ị gaghị ahụ mmepụta ọ bụla.
[email ~ $ sudo fdisk -l WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sda'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted. Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0xcee8ad92 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 1953525167 976762583+ ee GPT Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary.
10. Otu esi elele ozi akụrụngwa akụrụngwa Linux
Ị nwekwara ike iji ọrụ dmidecode wepụ ozi ngwaike site na ịgụ data sitere na tebụl DMI.
Ka ibipụta ozi gbasara ebe nchekwa, mee iwu a ka onye na-ahụ maka nchekwa.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t memory # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0005, DMI type 5, 24 bytes Memory Controller Information Error Detecting Method: None Error Correcting Capabilities: None Supported Interleave: One-way Interleave Current Interleave: One-way Interleave Maximum Memory Module Size: 8192 MB Maximum Total Memory Size: 32768 MB Supported Speeds: Other Supported Memory Types: Other Memory Module Voltage: Unknown Associated Memory Slots: 4 0x0006 0x0007 0x0008 0x0009 Enabled Error Correcting Capabilities: None ...
Ka ibipụta ozi gbasara sistemụ, mee iwu a.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t system # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0001, DMI type 1, 27 bytes System Information Manufacturer: LENOVO Product Name: 20354 Version: Lenovo Z50-70 Serial Number: 1037407803441 UUID: 29D2B1E4-37D2-11E4-9F6E-28D244EBBD98 Wake-up Type: Power Switch SKU Number: LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70 Family: IDEAPAD ...
Ka ibipụta ozi gbasara BIOS, mee iwu a.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t bios # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes BIOS Information Vendor: LENOVO Version: 9BCN26WW Release Date: 07/31/2014 Address: 0xE0000 Runtime Size: 128 kB ROM Size: 4096 kB Characteristics: PCI is supported BIOS is upgradeable BIOS shadowing is allowed Boot from CD is supported Selectable boot is supported EDD is supported Japanese floppy for NEC 9800 1.2 MB is supported (int 13h) Japanese floppy for Toshiba 1.2 MB is supported (int 13h) 5.25"/360 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 5.25"/1.2 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 3.5"/720 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 3.5"/2.88 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 8042 keyboard services are supported (int 9h) CGA/mono video services are supported (int 10h) ACPI is supported USB legacy is supported BIOS boot specification is supported Targeted content distribution is supported UEFI is supported BIOS Revision: 0.26 Firmware Revision: 0.26 ...
Ka ibipụta ozi gbasara processor, mee iwu a.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t processor # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0004, DMI type 4, 42 bytes Processor Information Socket Designation: U3E1 Type: Central Processor Family: Core i5 Manufacturer: Intel(R) Corporation ID: 51 06 04 00 FF FB EB BF Signature: Type 0, Family 6, Model 69, Stepping 1 Flags: ...
Nchịkọta
Enwere ọtụtụ ụzọ ndị ọzọ ị ga-eji nweta ozi gbasara ngwa ngwa sistemụ gị. Ọtụtụ n'ime iwu ndị a na-eji faịlụ dị na ndekọ/proc wepụ ozi sistemụ.
Echere na ịchọta ndụmọdụ na usoro ndị a bara uru ma cheta ịdepụta okwu ma ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịgbakwunye ozi ndị ọzọ na nke a ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na ị na-eche nsogbu ọ bụla ihu na iji iwu ọ bụla. Cheta na ị ga-ejikọ na Tecment mgbe niile.