Iwu 5 bara uru ijikwa ụdị faịlụ yana oge sistemụ na Linux - Nkebi 3

Ịkwado iji akara iwu ma ọ bụ ọnụ nwere ike isi ike maka ndị mbido chọrọ ịmụ Linux. N'ihi na ọnụ ọnụ na-enye njikwa sistemụ Linux karịa mmemme GUI, mmadụ ga-ejirịrị iwu na-agba ọsọ na ọdụ. Ya mere iburu iwu dị iche iche n'isi na Linux, ị kwesịrị iji ọnụ ahịa ahụ kwa ụbọchị iji ghọta otu esi eji iwu na nhọrọ dị iche iche na arụmụka.

Biko gabiga akụkụ anyị gara aga nke usoro aghụghọ Linux a.

5 Ndụmọdụ na usoro iwu na-atọ ụtọ na Linux - Nkebi nke 1
10 Usoro iwu iwu bara uru maka ndị ọhụrụ - Nkebi nke 2

N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-eleba anya na ụfọdụ ndụmọdụ na aghụghọ nke iji iwu 10 na-arụ ọrụ na faịlụ na oge na njedebe.

Ụdị faịlụ na Linux

Na Linux, a na-ewere ihe niile dị ka faịlụ, ngwaọrụ gị, akwụkwọ ndekọ aha na faịlụ oge niile ka a na-ewere dị ka faịlụ.

Enwere ụdị faịlụ dị iche iche na sistemụ Linux:

faịlụ oge niile nwere ike ịgụnye iwu, akwụkwọ, faịlụ egwu, ihe nkiri, onyonyo, ebe nchekwa na ihe ndị ọzọ.
Faịlụ ngwaọrụ: nke sistemụ na-eji nweta akụrụngwa akụrụngwa gị.

Enwere ụdị faịlụ ngwaọrụ abụọ na-egbochi faịlụ ndị na-anọchi anya ngwaọrụ nchekwa dị ka harddisks, ha na-agụ data na ngọngọ na faịlụ agwa na-agụ data n'ụdị agwa.

Hardlinks na softlinks: a na-eji ha nweta faịlụ site na ebe ọ bụla na sistemụ faịlụ Linux.
Paịpụ na oghere akpọrọ aha: kwe ka usoro dị iche iche na-akparịta ụka.

Ị nwere ike ikpebi ụdị faịlụ site na iji iwu faịlụ dị ka ndị a. Nseta ihuenyo dị n'okpuru na-egosi atụ dị iche iche nke iji iwu faịlụ iji chọpụta ụdị faịlụ dị iche iche.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ dir
BACKUP				      master.zip
crossroads-stable.tar.gz	      num.txt
EDWARD-MAYA-2011-2012-NEW-REMIX.mp3   reggea.xspf
Linux-Security-Optimization-Book.gif  tmp-link

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ file BACKUP/
BACKUP/: directory 

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ file master.zip 
master.zip: Zip archive data, at least v1.0 to extract

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ file crossroads-stable.tar.gz
crossroads-stable.tar.gz: gzip compressed data, from Unix, last modified: Tue Apr  5 15:15:20 2011

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ file Linux-Security-Optimization-Book.gif 
Linux-Security-Optimization-Book.gif: GIF image data, version 89a, 200 x 259

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ file EDWARD-MAYA-2011-2012-NEW-REMIX.mp3 
EDWARD-MAYA-2011-2012-NEW-REMIX.mp3: Audio file with ID3 version 2.3.0, contains: MPEG ADTS, layer III, v1, 192 kbps, 44.1 kHz, JntStereo

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ file /dev/sda1
/dev/sda1: block special 

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ file /dev/tty1
/dev/tty1: character special

Ụzọ ọzọ isi chọpụta ụdị faịlụ bụ site n'ịrụ ogologo ndepụta site na iji iwu dir.

Iji ls -l chọpụta ụdị faịlụ.

Mgbe ilele ikike faịlụ ahụ, agwa mbụ na-egosi ụdị faịlụ na mkpụrụedemede ndị ọzọ na-egosi ikike faịlụ ahụ.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l
total 6908
drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint    4096 Sep  9 11:46 BACKUP
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 1075620 Sep  9 11:47 crossroads-stable.tar.gz
-rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 5916085 Sep  9 11:49 EDWARD-MAYA-2011-2012-NEW-REMIX.mp3
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint   42122 Sep  9 11:49 Linux-Security-Optimization-Book.gif
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint   17627 Sep  9 11:46 master.zip
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint       5 Sep  9 11:48 num.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint       0 Sep  9 11:46 reggea.xspf
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint       5 Sep  9 11:47 tmp-link

Iji ls-l iji chọpụta ngọngọ na faịlụ agwa.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l /dev/sda1
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 1 Sep  9 10:53 /dev/sda1

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l /dev/tty1
crw-rw---- 1 root tty 4, 1 Sep  9 10:54 /dev/tty1

Iji dir-l iji chọpụta ụdị faịlụ.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ dir -l
total 6908
drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint    4096 Sep  9 11:46 BACKUP
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 1075620 Sep  9 11:47 crossroads-stable.tar.gz
-rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 5916085 Sep  9 11:49 EDWARD-MAYA-2011-2012-NEW-REMIX.mp3
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint   42122 Sep  9 11:49 Linux-Security-Optimization-Book.gif
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint   17627 Sep  9 11:46 master.zip
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint       5 Sep  9 11:48 num.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint       0 Sep  9 11:46 reggea.xspf
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint       5 Sep  9 11:47 tmp-link

Ọzọ, anyị ga-elele ndụmọdụ maka ịgụta ọnụọgụ faịlụ nke otu ụdị na ndekọ enyere site na iji iwu ls, wc. A na-enweta nkwurịta okwu n'etiti iwu ahụ site na ọkpọkọ aha.

grep – iwu ka ịchọọ dịka ụkpụrụ enyere ma ọ bụ okwu oge niile si dị.
wc – iwu ka ịgụọ ahịrị, okwu na mkpụrụedemede.

Na Linux, akara – na-anọchi anya faịlụ oge niile.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l | grep ^- | wc -l
7

Na Linux, akara d na-anọchi anya akwụkwọ ndekọ aha.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l | grep ^d | wc -l
1

Na Linux, akara akara l na-anọchi anya njikọ symblical na siri ike.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l | grep ^l | wc -l
0

Na Linux, ihe mgbochi na faịlụ agwa bụ akara b na c n'otu n'otu.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l /dev | grep ^b | wc -l
37
[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l /dev | grep ^c | wc -l
159

Ọzọ anyị ga-eleba anya n'ụfọdụ iwu mmadụ nwere ike iji chọta faịlụ na sistemụ Linux, ndị a gụnyere ebe, chọta, whatis na nke iwu.

Na mmepụta n'okpuru, m na-agbalị ịchọta nhazi nkesa Samba maka usoro m.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ locate samba.conf
/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/samba.conf
/var/lib/dpkg/info/samba.conffiles

Iji mụta otu esi eji iwu chọta na Linux, ị nwere ike ịgụ akụkọ anyị na-esote nke na-egosi ihe atụ 30+ bara uru yana ojiji nke ịchọta iwu na Linux.

35 Ọmụmaatụ 'ịchọta' Iwu na Linux

A na-ejikarị whatis iwu chọta iwu na ọ bụ ihe pụrụ iche n'ihi na ọ na-enye ozi gbasara iwu, ọ na-achọta faịlụ nhazi na ntinye akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka iwu.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ whatis bash
bash (1)             - GNU Bourne-Again SHell

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ whatis find
find (1)             - search for files in a directory hierarchy

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ whatis ls
ls (1)               - list directory contents

Kedu iwu a na-eji chọta iwu na sistemụ faịlụ.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ which mkdir
/bin/mkdir

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ which bash
/bin/bash

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ which find
/usr/bin/find

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ $ which ls
/bin/ls

Mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara netwọkụ, ọ bụ ezigbo omume idobe oge ziri ezi na sistemụ Linux gị. Enwere ụfọdụ ọrụ na sistemụ Linux chọrọ oge ziri ezi iji rụọ ọrụ nke ọma na netwọkụ.

Anyị ga-elele iwu ị nwere ike iji jikwaa oge na igwe gị. Na Linux, a na-ejikwa oge n'ụzọ abụọ: oge usoro na oge ngwaike.

A na-ejikwa oge sistemu ahụ site na elekere sistemụ na oge ngwaike na-ejikwa elekere ngwaike.

Ka ilele oge sistemụ gị, ụbọchị na mpaghara oge, jiri iwu ụbọchị dị ka ndị a.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ date
Wed Sep  9 12:25:40 IST 2015

Tọọ oge sistemụ gị site na iji ụbọchị -s ma ọ bụ date –set=”STRING” dị ka ndị a.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ sudo date -s "12:27:00"
Wed Sep  9 12:27:00 IST 2015

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ sudo date --set="12:27:00"
Wed Sep  9 12:27:00 IST 2015

Ị nwekwara ike ịtọ oge na ụbọchị dịka ndị a.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ sudo date 090912302015
Wed Sep  9 12:30:00 IST 2015

Lelee ụbọchị dị ugbu a site na kalịnda site na iji iwu cal.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ cal
   September 2015     
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa  
       1  2  3  4  5  
 6  7  8  9 10 11 12  
13 14 15 16 17 18 19  
20 21 22 23 24 25 26  
27 28 29 30

Lelee oge elekere ngwaike site na iji iwu hwclock.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ sudo hwclock
Wednesday 09 September 2015 06:02:58 PM IST  -0.200081 seconds

Iji tọọ oge elekere ngwaike, jiri hwclock –set –date=”STRING” dị ka ndị a.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ sudo hwclock --set --date="09/09/2015 12:33:00"

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ sudo hwclock
Wednesday 09 September 2015 12:33:11 PM IST  -0.891163 seconds

A na-edozi oge usoro site na elekere ngwaike n'oge booting na mgbe usoro ahụ na-emechi, a na-emegharị oge ngwaike na oge usoro.

Ya mere, mgbe ị na-elele oge usoro na oge ngwaike, ha bụ otu ma ọ bụrụ na ị gbanwee oge usoro. Oge ngwaike gị nwere ike ezighi ezi mgbe batrị CMOS adịghị ike.

Ị nwekwara ike ịtọ oge sistemụ gị site na iji oge site na elekere ngwaike dị ka ndị a.

$ sudo hwclock --hctosys

Ọ dịkwa ike ịtọ oge elekere ngwaike site na iji oge elekere sistemụ dị ka ndị a.

$ sudo hwclock --systohc

Ka ilele ogologo oge sistemụ Linux gị na-arụ ọrụ, jiri iwu oge ewepụtara.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ uptime
12:36:27 up  1:43,  2 users,  load average: 1.39, 1.34, 1.45

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ uptime -p
up 1 hour, 43 minutes

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ uptime -s
2015-09-09 10:52:47

Nchịkọta

Ịghọta ụdị faịlụ bụ Linux bụ ezigbo omume maka ndị mbido, yana ijikwa oge dị oke mkpa karịsịa na sava iji jikwaa ọrụ nke ọma na nke ọma. Enwere m olileanya na ị ga-ahụ ntuziaka a na-enyere aka. Ọ bụrụ na ị nwere ozi ọ bụla ọzọ, echefula ị biputere okwu. Jikọọ na Tecmint.