Usoro RHCSA: Njikwa Usoro na RHEL 7: Boot, Mechie, na Ihe niile dị n'etiti - Nkebi 5

Anyị ga-amalite edemede a site na ntugharị n'ozuzu na nkenke nke ihe na-eme kemgbe oge ị pịa bọtịnụ Ike ka ịgbanwuo ihe nkesa RHEL 7 gị ruo mgbe ewepụtara gị ihuenyo nbanye na ntanetị iwu.

Biko mara na:

1. Otu ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi na-emetụta, yana ikekwe obere mgbanwe, na nkesa Linux ndị ọzọ, yana
2. nkọwa na-esonụ abụghị iji gosipụta nkọwa zuru oke nke usoro buut, kama ọ bụ naanị ihe ndị bụ isi.

Usoro Linux Boot

1. POST (Power On Self Test) na-amalite ma na-eme nyocha ngwaike.

2. Mgbe POST gwụchara, a na-agafe njikwa usoro ahụ na ọkwa mbụ nke bootloader, nke a na-echekwa na ma ọ bụ ngalaba buut nke otu diski ike (maka usoro ochie na-eji BIOS na MBR), ma ọ bụ raara onwe ya nye (U) EFI. nkebi.

3. Nke mbụ ogbo buut loader wee na-ebu nke abụọ ogbo bootloader, nke na-abụkarị GRUB (GRand Unified Boot Loader), nke bi n'ime/buut, nke n'aka nke ya na-ebu kernel na mbụ RAM-based file system (nke a makwaara dị ka initramfs). , nke nwere mmemme na faịlụ ọnụọgụ abụọ nke na-eme ihe ndị dị mkpa achọrọ iji bulie sistemụ faịlụ mgbọrọgwụ n'ezie).

4. A na-enye anyị ihuenyo na-egbuke egbuke nke na-enye anyị ohere ịhọrọ sistemụ arụmọrụ na kernel iji buut:

5. The kernel na-edozi ngwaike etinyere na sistemụ ma ozugbo etinyere sistemụ faịlụ mgbọrọgwụ, malite usoro na PID 1, nke n'aka nke ya ga-amalite usoro ndị ọzọ wee weta anyị ngwa ngwa nbanye.

Rịba ama: Ọ bụrụ na anyị chọrọ ime ya n'oge ọzọ, anyị nwere ike nyochaa nkọwa nke usoro a site na iji iwu dmesg na nzacha ya site na iji ngwaọrụ ndị anyị kọwara n'isiokwu ndị gara aga nke usoro isiokwu a.

N'ihe atụ dị n'elu, anyị na-eji iwu ps a ma ama iji gosipụta ndepụta nke usoro dị ugbu a nke usoro nne na nna (ma ọ bụ n'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, usoro malitere ha) bụ usoro (usoro na njikwa ọrụ nke ọtụtụ nkesa Linux ọgbara ọhụrụ agbanweela. to) n'oge mmalite usoro:

# ps -o ppid,pid,uname,comm --ppid=1

Cheta na ọkọlọtọ -o (obere maka -format) na-enye gị ohere iweta mmepụta ps n'ụdị ahaziri iji kwado mkpa gị site na iji mkpụrụokwu akọwapụtara na ngalaba STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS na man ps.

Ikpe ọzọ nke ị ga-achọ ịkọwapụta mmepụta ps kama ịga na ndabara bụ mgbe ịchọrọ ịchọta usoro na-akpata nnukwu CPU na/ma ọ bụ ebe nchekwa, ma dozie ha dịka:

# ps aux --sort=+pcpu              # Sort by %CPU (ascending)
# ps aux --sort=-pcpu              # Sort by %CPU (descending)
# ps aux --sort=+pmem              # Sort by %MEM (ascending)
# ps aux --sort=-pmem              # Sort by %MEM (descending)
# ps aux --sort=+pcpu,-pmem        # Combine sort by %CPU (ascending) and %MEM (descending)

Okwu Mmalite nke SystemD

Mkpebi ole na ole dị na ụwa Linux akpatala esemokwu karịa nnabata nke usoro nkesa Linux bụ isi mere. Systemd na-akwado aha dị ka isi uru ya bụ eziokwu ndị a:

Gụkwuo: Akụkọ dị n'azụ 'init' na 'systemd'

1. Systemd na-enye ohere ka a na-emekwu nhazi n'otu oge n'oge mmalite usoro (na-emegide SysVinit okenye, nke na-emekarị ka ọ dị nwayọọ n'ihi na ọ na-amalite usoro n'otu n'otu, na-enyocha ma ọ bụrụ na otu na-adabere na onye ọzọ, wee na-echere daemons ịmalite ya. ọtụtụ ọrụ nwere ike ịmalite), na

2. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka a ike akụ management na a na-agba ọsọ usoro. Ya mere, a na-amalite ọrụ mgbe ọ dị mkpa (iji zere iri ihe onwunwe sistemụ ma ọ bụrụ na ejighị ya) kama ịmalite ịmalite n'enweghị ezigbo ihe kpatara ya n'oge buut.

3. Ndakọrịta azụ na script SysVinit.

Systemctl na-achịkwa Systemd. Ọ bụrụ na ị si na SysVinit, o yikarịrị ka ị ga-ama nke ọma:

ngwaọrụ ọrụ, nke -na sistemu ochie ndị ahụ - ejiri jikwaa script SysVinit, yana
Utility chkconfig, nke jere ebumnobi nke imelite na ịjụ ajụjụ runlevel maka ọrụ sistemụ.
mmechi, nke ị ga-ejirịrị ọtụtụ oge iji malitegharịa ma ọ bụ kwụsị sistemu na-agba ọsọ.

Tebụl na-esonụ na-egosi myirịta dị n'etiti iji ngwaọrụ ndị a nketa na systemctl:

Systemd webatara echiche nke nkeji (nke nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ ọrụ, ebe ugwu, ngwaọrụ ma ọ bụ oghere netwọk) na ebumnuche (nke bụ etu sistemu si ejikwa malite ọtụtụ usoro metụtara ya n'otu oge, enwere ike ịtụle - ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị nhata- dị ka nha nke runlevel na sistemụ dabere na SysVinit.

Na-achịkọta

Ọrụ ndị ọzọ metụtara njikwa usoro gụnyere, mana enwere ike ọnweghị oke na, ikike:

A na-eme nke a site na akụrụngwa renice, nke na-agbanwe mkpa nhazi oge nke otu ma ọ bụ karịa usoro ịgba ọsọ. N'okwu dị mfe, nhazi usoro ihe dị mkpa bụ njirimara na-enye ohere kernel (nke dị na nsụgharị => 2.6) ịkenye akụrụngwa sistemu dịka ihe kacha mkpa maka igbu ya (aka mma, na nso -20 ruo 19) nke usoro enyere.

Isi syntax nke renice bụ nke a:

# renice [-n] priority [-gpu] identifier

N'ime iwu ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'elu, arụmụka mbụ bụ uru kacha mkpa a ga-eji mee ihe, ebe enwere ike ịkọwa arụmụka ọzọ dị ka NJ usoro (nke bụ ntọala ndabara), NJ nhazi otu, NJ onye ọrụ, ma ọ bụ aha njirimara. Onye ọrụ nkịtị (na-abụghị mgbọrọgwụ) nwere ike gbanwee naanị usoro nhazi oge nke usoro o nwere, ma na-abawanye ọkwa dị mma (nke pụtara iwepụta obere akụrụngwa sistemụ).

N'okwu ndị akọwapụtara nke ọma, igbu usoro na-enye ikike izipu ya mgbaama ka ma mechaa ogbugbu ya nke ọma (SIGTERM=15) ma ọ bụ ozugbo (SIGKILL=9) site na iwu igbu ma ọ bụ pkill.

Ihe dị iche n'etiti ngwaọrụ abụọ a bụ na a na-eji nke mbụ kwụsị otu usoro ma ọ bụ otu usoro kpamkpam, ebe nke ikpeazụ na-enye gị ohere ịme otu ihe ahụ dabere na aha na àgwà ndị ọzọ.

Na mgbakwunye, pkill na-abịa na pgrep, nke na-egosi gị PID ndị a ga-emetụta kwesịrị iji pkill mee ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, tupu ịgba ọsọ:

# pkill -u gacanepa

Ọ nwere ike ịba uru ilele na nlele bụ PID nke gacanepa nwere:

# pgrep -l -u gacanepa

Site na ndabara, ma igbu na pkill na-eziga akara SIGTERM na usoro a. Dị ka anyị kwuru n'elu, enwere ike ileghara mgbaàmà a anya (mgbe usoro ahụ gwụchara ma ọ bụ nke ọma), yabụ mgbe ịchọrọ ịkwụsị usoro ịgba ọsọ na ezigbo ihe kpatara ya, ị ga-achọ ịkọwa akara SIGKILL na akara iwu:

# kill -9 identifier               # Kill a process or a process group
# kill -s SIGNAL identifier        # Idem
# pkill -s SIGNAL identifier       # Kill a process by name or other attributes

Mmechi

N'isiokwu a, anyị akọwawo ihe ndị bụ isi nke usoro buut na usoro RHEL 7, wee nyochaa ụfọdụ ngwaọrụ ndị dị na ya iji nyere gị aka ijikwa usoro site na iji ngwa ngwa na usoro iwu kpọmkwem.

Rịba ama na echereghị ndepụta a iji kpuchie mgbịrịgba na whistles niile nke isiokwu a, yabụ nweere onwe gị itinye ngwa na iwu nke aka gị na edemede a site na iji ụdị nkọwa dị n'okpuru. A na-anabatakwa ajụjụ na nkọwa ndị ọzọ.