Ịtọlite ọrụ email (SMTP, Imap na Imaps) na igbochi ịnweta SMTP - Nkebi 7
A LFCE (Linux Foundation Certified Engineer) bụ ọkachamara a zụrụ azụ nke nwere nkà iji wụnye, jikwaa na dozie ọrụ netwọk na sistemụ Linux, ma na-ahụ maka ọrụ netwọk. imewe, mmejuputa iwu na nrụzi na-aga n'ihu nke usoro ụkpụrụ ụlọ na nchịkwa onye ọrụ.
Ewebata Mmemme Asambodo Foundation Linux.
N'ime nkuzi gara aga, anyị tụlere otu esi etinye akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ ozi. Ọ bụrụ na ị tinyebeghị Postfix na Dovecot, biko rụtụ aka na akụkụ nke 1 nke usoro isiokwu a maka ntuziaka ka ịme ya tupu ịga n'ihu.
- Wụnye ihe nkesa ozi Postfix na Dovecot – Nkebi 1
Na post a, m ga-egosi gị otu esi ahazi nkesa ozi gị yana otu esi arụ ọrụ ndị a:
- Hazie utu aha email
- Hazie ọrụ IMAP na IMAPS
- Hazie ọrụ smtp
- Machibido ịnweta sava smtp
Mara: Na ntọlite anyị ga-ekpuchi naanị ihe nkesa ozi maka netwọk mpaghara ebe igwe nwere otu ngalaba. Izipu ozi email na ngalaba ndị ọzọ chọrọ ntọlite dị mgbagwoju anya karịa, gụnyere ikike mkpebi aha ngalaba, nke na-esiteghị na asambodo LFCE.
Mana nke mbụ, ka anyị jiri nkọwa ole na ole bido.
Akụkụ nke usoro izipu ozi, njem na nnyefe
Foto a na-egosi usoro mbufe ozi-e na-amalite site na onye zitere ya ruo mgbe ozi ahụ rutere igbe mbata nke nnata:
Iji mee ka nke a kwe omume, ọtụtụ ihe na-eme n'azụ ihe nkiri. Ka izipu ozi email site na ngwa ndị ahịa (dị ka Thunderbird, Outlook, ma ọ bụ ọrụ webmail dị ka Gmail ma ọ bụ Yahoo! , Ọrụ SMTP (Mfe Ozi Nyefe Protocol) ga-adịrịrịrịrị na nkesa ọ bụla.
Mgbe ị na-ekwu maka ọrụ email, ị ga-ahụ okwu ndị a na-akpọkarị:
MTA (mkpụrụkpụ maka Mail ma ọ bụ Message Transport Agent), aka mail relay, bụ ngwanrọ na-ahụ maka ịnyefe ozi email site na sava. nye onye ahịa (na ụzọ ọzọ gburugburu). N'ime usoro a, Postfix na-arụ ọrụ dị ka MTA anyị.
MUA, ma ọ bụ Agent User Mail, bụ mmemme kọmputa eji abanye na jikwaa igbe mbata ozi-e onye ọrụ. Ọmụmatụ nke MUA gụnyere, mana ọnweghị oke na, Thunderbird, Outlook, na webmail interface dị ka Gmail, Outlook.com, ịkpọ aha ole na ole. N'usoro isiokwu a, anyị ga-eji Thunderbird mee ihe atụ anyị.
MDA (nkenke maka Ozi ma ọ bụ Onye Nnyefe Ozi) bụ akụkụ ngwanrọ na-ebuga ozi email na igbe mbata nke onye ọrụ. N'ime nkuzi a, anyị ga-eji Dovecot dịka MDA anyị. Dovecot ga-ejikwa njirimara onye ọrụ.
Ka akụkụ ndị a wee nwee ike ị na-agwa ibe ha okwu, ha ga-asụrịrị otu ihe ahụ \asụsụ (ma ọ bụ protocol), ya bụ SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) dị ka akọwara na RFC 2821. O yikarịrị ka ị ga-arụtụ aka na RFC ahụ mgbe ị na-edozi mail gị. ihe nkesa gburugburu.
Usoro ndị ọzọ anyị kwesịrị iburu n'uche bụ IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol), nke na-enye ohere ijikwa ozi email ozugbo na sava ahụ na-ebughị ya na draịvụ ike onye ahịa anyị. , na POP3 (Post Office Protocol), nke na-enye ohere ibudata ozi na nchekwa na kọmputa onye ọrụ.
Gburugburu ule anyị bụ nke a:
Mail Server OS : Debian Wheezy 7.5 IP Address : 192.168.0.15 Local Domain : example.com.ar User Aliases : [email is aliased to [email and [email
Mail Client OS : Ubuntu 12.04 IP Address : 192.168.0.103
Na onye ahịa anyị, anyị ewepụtala mkpebi DNS elementrị na-agbakwunye ahịrị ndị a na faịlụ /etc/hosts.
192.168.0.15 example.com.ar mailserver
Na-agbakwụnye utu aha Email
Site na ndabara, ozi ezigara otu onye ọrụ kwesịrị ibugara naanị onye ọrụ ahụ. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịnyefe ya n'aka otu ndị ọrụ, ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ dị iche, ịnwere ike imepụta utu aha ozi ma ọ bụ jiri otu n'ime ndị dị na /etc/postfix/aliases , na-eso syntax a:
user1: user1, user2
Ya mere, a ga-ebugakwa ozi-e zigara user1 na user2. Rịba ama na ọ bụrụ na ị hapụ okwu user1 ka ọ gachara, dị ka na
user1: user2
a ga-ezigara naanị user1 ozi na user2, ọ bụghịkwa na user1.
N'atụmatụ dị n'elu, user1 na user2 kwesịrị ịdị adị na sistemụ. Ị nwere ike na-ezo aka na akụkụ 8 nke usoro LFCS ma ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ iweghachite ebe nchekwa gị tupu ịgbakwunye ndị ọrụ ọhụrụ.
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N'okwu anyị akọwapụtara, anyị ga-eji utu aha a dị ka akọwara na mbụ (tinye ahịrị na-esonụ na /etc/aliases).
sysadmin: gacanepa, jdoe
Ma mee iwu na-esonụ ka imepụta ma ọ bụ mee ka tebulu nyocha aha aha.
postalias /etc/postfix/aliases
Ya mere, a ga-eziga ozi ezigara na [email na igbe mbata nke ndị ọrụ edepụtara n'elu.
Na-ahazi Postfix – Ọrụ SMTP
Faịlụ nhazi bụ isi maka Postfix bụ /etc/postfix/main.cf. Naanị ịkwesịrị ịtọ ntọala ole na ole tupu inwe ike iji ọrụ ozi. Agbanyeghị, ị ga-amata usoro nhazi zuru oke (nke enwere ike ịdepụta ya na man 5 postconf) iji guzobe sava ozi echekwara nke ọma na ahaziri nke ọma.
Mara: Na nkuzi a kwesịrị ka ịmalite gị na usoro ahụ, ọ naghị anọchi anya ntuziaka zuru oke na ọrụ email na Linux.
Mepee faịlụ /etc/postfix/main.cf site na onye nchịkọta akụkọ gị ma mee mgbanwe dịka akọwara ya.
# vi /etc/postfix/main.cf
1. myorigin na-akọwapụta ngalaba na-egosi na ozi ezitere na sava ahụ. Ị nwere ike ịhụ faịlụ /etc/mailname ejiri na paramita a. Enwere onwe gị idezi ya ma ọ dị mkpa.
myorigin = /etc/mailname
Ọ bụrụ na ejiri uru dị n'elu, a ga-eziga ozi dị ka [email echebe], ebe onye ọrụ na-ezipụ ozi ahụ.
2. mydestination depụtara ngalaba nke igwe a ga-ebuga ozi email na mpaghara, kama ibuga na igwe ọzọ (na-eme dị ka sistemụ relay). Ntọala ndabara ga-ezuru anyị (jide n'aka na ị dezie faịlụ ahụ ka ọ dabara na gburugburu gị).
Ebe faịlụ /etc/postfix/transport na-akọwa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ngalaba na ihe nkesa na-esote nke ekwesịrị ibuga ozi mail. N'ọnọdụ anyị, ebe ọ bụ na anyị ga na-ebuga ozi na netwọk mpaghara anyị naanị (si otú a na-agafe mkpebi DNS ọ bụla), nhazi ndị a ga-ezuru.
example.com.ar local: .example.com.ar local:
Ọzọ, anyị kwesịrị ịgbanwe faịlụ ederede dị larịị ka ọ bụrụ usoro .db, nke na-emepụta tebụl nyocha nke Postfix ga-eji mara ihe a ga-eme na ozi na-abata na nke na-apụ apụ.
# postmap /etc/postfix/transport
Ị ga-echeta ịmegharị tebụl a ma ọ bụrụ na ị tinyekwuo ndenye na faịlụ ederede kwekọrọ.
3. mynetworks na-akọwapụta netwọk ikike Postfix ga-ebuga ozi site na. Uru ndabara, subnet, na-agwa Postfix ka izipu ozi sitere n'aka ndị ahịa SMTP n'otu netwọk IP dị ka naanị igwe mpaghara.
mynetworks = subnet
4. relay_domains na-akọwapụta ebe aga-ezigara ozi-e na ya. Anyị ga-ahapụ uru ndabara na-emetụghị aka, nke na-ezo aka na mydestination. Cheta na anyị na-edozi sava ozi maka LAN anyị.
relay_domains = $mydestination
Mara na ị nwere ike iji $mydestination kama ịdepụta ihe dị n'ime ya.
5. inet_interfaces na-akọwapụta ihu netwọkụ ọrụ ozi kwesịrị ige na ya. Ihe ndabara, niile, na-agwa Postfix ka ọ jiri ihu netwọkụ niile.
inet_interfaces = all
6. N'ikpeazụ, mailbox_size_limit na message_size_limit ga-eji tọọ nha igbe ozi onye ọ bụla yana oke ozi onye ọ bụla anabatara, n'otu n'otu, na bytes.
mailbox_size_limit = 51200000 message_size_limit = 5120000
Na-amachibido ịnweta sava SMTP
Ihe nkesa Postfix SMTP nwere ike itinye ụfọdụ mmachi na arịrịọ njikọ ndị ahịa ọ bụla. Ọ bụghị ndị ahịa niile kwesịrị ka ahapụ ha ka ha mata onwe ha na sava mail site na iji iwu smtp HELO, na n'ezie, ọ bụghị ha niile ka ekwesịrị inye ohere izipu ma ọ bụ nata ozi.
Iji mejuputa mmachi ndị a, anyị ga-eji ntuziaka ndị a na faịlụ main.cf. N'agbanyeghị na ha na-akọwa onwe ha, agbakwunyere nkwupụta maka ebumnuche nkọwa.
# Require that a remote SMTP client introduces itself with the HELO or EHLO command before sending the MAIL command or other commands that require EHLO negotiation. smtpd_helo_required = yes # Permit the request when the client IP address matches any network or network address listed in $mynetworks # Reject the request when the client HELO and EHLO command has a bad hostname syntax smtpd_helo_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, reject_invalid_helo_hostname # Reject the request when Postfix does not represent the final destination for the sender address smtpd_sender_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, reject_unknown_sender_domain # Reject the request unless 1) Postfix is acting as mail forwarder or 2) is the final destination smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, reject_unauth_destination
The Postfix nhazi parameters postconf ibe nwere ike ịbịakwute aka iji nyochaa nhọrọ ndị dịnụ.
Na-ahazi Dovecot
Ozugbo etinyere dovecot, ọ na-akwado n'èzí maka usoro POP3 na IMAP, yana ụdị nchekwa ha, POP3S na IMAPS, n'otu n'otu.
Tinye ahịrị ndị a na faịlụ /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-mail.conf.
# %u represents the user account that logs in # Mailboxes are in mbox format mail_location = mbox:~/mail:INBOX=/var/mail/%u # Directory owned by the mail group and the directory set to group-writable (mode=0770, group=mail) # You may need to change this setting if postfix is running a different user / group on your system mail_privileged_group = mail
Ọ bụrụ na ị lelee ndekọ ndekọ ụlọ gị, ị ga-achọpụta na enwere subdirectory nke ozi nwere ọdịnaya ndị a.
Ọzọkwa, biko mara na faịlụ /var/mail/%u bụ ebe a na-echekwa ozi onye ọrụ n'ọtụtụ sistemụ.
Tinye ntuziaka a na /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf (mara na imap na pop3 na-egosikwa imaps na pop3s kwa).
protocols = imap pop3
Ma hụ na /etc/conf.d/10-ssl.conf gụnyere ahịrị ndị a (ma ọ bụghị, tinye ha).
ssl_cert = </etc/dovecot/dovecot.pem ssl_key = </etc/dovecot/private/dovecot.pem
Ugbu a, ka anyị malitegharịa Dovecot wee chọpụta na ọ na-ege ntị na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri metụtara imap, imaps, pop3, na pop3s.
# netstat -npltu | grep dovecot
Ịtọlite onye ahịa ozi yana izipu/nata ozi
Na kọmputa ndị ahịa anyị, anyị ga-emepe Thunderbird wee pịa File → Ọhụrụ → Akaụntụ ozi dị adị. A ga-akpali anyị itinye aha akaụntụ na adreesị ozi-e metụtara ya, yana paswọọdụ ya. Mgbe anyị pịa Gaa n'ihu, Thunderbird ga-anwa ijikọ na sava ozi iji chọpụta ntọala.
Tinyegharịa usoro dị n'elu maka akaụntụ ọzọ ([email echebe]) na igbe mbata abụọ ndị a kwesịrị ịpụta na pane aka ekpe Thunderbird.
Na sava anyị, anyị ga-edegara sysadmin ozi email, nke akpọrọ jdoe na gacanepa.
Ndekọ ozi (/var/log/mail.log) dị ka ọ na-egosi na e zigara email ezigara na sysadmin na [email echebe] b>, dị ka a pụrụ ịhụ na foto na-esonụ.
Anyị nwere ike ịchọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na ezigara onye ahịa anyị ozi, ebe ahaziri akaụntụ IMAP na Thunderbird.
N'ikpeazụ, ka anyị gbalịa izipu ozi sitere na [email chedoro].
N'ime ule a, a ga-agwa gị ka ị rụọ ọrụ naanị na ngwa ngwa-ahịrị. Nke a pụtara na ị gaghị enwe ike ịwụnye ngwa ahịa ahịa desktọpụ dị ka Thunderbird, mana a ga-achọrọ iji mail kama. Anyị ejirila Thunderbird n'isiakwụkwọ a maka naanị ihe atụ.
Mmechi
N'ime akwụkwọ ozi a, anyị akọwarala otu esi edobe ihe nkesa ozi IMAP maka netwọk mpaghara gị yana otu esi egbochi ịbanye na sava SMTP. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-abanye n'ime nsogbu mgbe ị na-emejuputa nhazi yiri nke a na gburugburu ule gị, ị ga-achọ ịlele akwụkwọ ntanetị nke /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf, n'otu n'otu), mana n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla egbula oge ịkpọtụrụ m site na iji. ụdị nkọwa n'okpuru. Obi ga-adị m ụtọ karịa inyere gị aka.