Ijikwa ngwugwu Linux na Yum, RPM, Apt, Dpkg, Aptitude na Zypper - Akụkụ 9

N'August gara aga, Linux Foundation kwupụtara LFCS asambodo (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), ohere na-egbu maramara maka ndị na-ahụ maka sistemụ n'ebe niile iji gosipụta, site na nyocha dabere na arụmọrụ, na ha nwere ike ime nke ọma na nkwado arụmọrụ maka sistemụ Linux. A Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin nwere nka iji hụ na nkwado usoro dị irè, nchọpụta nsogbu na nlekota ọkwa nke mbụ, gụnyere n'ikpeazụ na-ebuli elu, mgbe ọ dị mkpa, nye ndị otu nkwado injinịa.

Lelee vidiyo na-esonụ nke na-akọwa maka Mmemme Asambodo Linux Foundation.

Edemede a bụ akụkụ 9 nke usoro nkuzi ogologo 10, taa n'isiokwu a, anyị ga-eduzi gị gbasara njikwa ngwugwu Linux, nke achọrọ maka ule asambodo LFCS.

Njikwa ngwugwu

N'okwu ole na ole, njikwa ngwugwu bụ usoro nke ịwụnye na idowe (nke gụnyere imelite na ikekwe wepụkwa) ngwanrọ na sistemụ.

N'oge mbụ nke Linux, a na-ekesa mmemme naanị dị ka koodu isi mmalite, yana ibe mmadụ achọrọ, faịlụ nhazi dị mkpa, na ndị ọzọ. N'oge a, ọtụtụ ndị na-ekesa Linux na-eji mmemme arụgoro mbụ ma ọ bụ usoro mmemme akpọrọ ngwugwu, nke a na-egosi ndị ọrụ dị njikere maka nwụnye na nkesa ahụ. Agbanyeghị, otu n'ime ihe ịtụnanya Linux ka nwere ike nweta koodu isi mmalite nke mmemme a ga-amụ, melite na chịkọta ya.

Ọ bụrụ na otu ngwugwu chọrọ ụfọdụ akụrụngwa dị ka ọba akwụkwọ nkekọrịta, ma ọ bụ ngwugwu ọzọ, a na-ekwu na ọ nwere ndabere. Sistemụ njikwa ngwugwu ọgbara ọhụrụ na-enye ụfọdụ usoro mkpebi ndabere iji hụ na mgbe etinyere ngwugwu, etinyekwa ndabere ya niile.

A ga-ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwanrọ niile arụnyere na sistemụ Linux ọgbara ọhụrụ na ịntanetị. Enwere ike ịnye ya site n'aka onye na-ere ahịa nkesa site na ebe nchekwa etiti (nke nwere ike ịnwe ọtụtụ puku ngwugwu, nke ọ bụla e wuru kpọmkwem, nwalere, ma debe ya maka nkesa) ma ọ bụ dị na koodu isi iyi nke enwere ike ibudata ma tinye aka na aka. .

N'ihi na ezinaụlọ nkesa dị iche iche na-eji usoro nkwakọ ngwaahịa dị iche iche (Debian: *.deb/CentOS: *.rpm/ openSUSE: *.rpm wuru pụrụ iche maka openSUSE), ngwugwu ezubere maka nkesa agaghị adaba na nkesa ọzọ. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ nkesa nwere ike ịdaba n'otu ezinụlọ nkesa atọ nke asambodo LFCS kpuchie.

Iji rụọ ọrụ nke njikwa ngwugwu nke ọma, ọ dị mkpa ka ị mara na ị ga-enwe ụdị ọrụ abụọ dịnụ: ihe dị ala ngwaọrụ (nke na-ejikwa azụ azụ nke nrụnye n'ezie, kwalite, na mwepụ nke faịlụ ngwugwu), na ngwaọrụ ọkwa dị elu (nke na-ahụ maka ịhụ na a na-arụ ọrụ nke mkpebi ndabere na ịchọ metadata -”data gbasara data”).

Ka anyị hụ nkọwa nke ngwaọrụ ndị dị ala na nke dị elu.

dpkg bụ onye njikwa ngwugwu dị ala maka sistemụ dabere na Debian. Ọ nwere ike ịwụnye, wepụ, nye ozi gbasara ma wuo ngwugwu * .deb mana ọ nweghị ike ibudata na wụnye ndabere ha kwekọrọ.

Gụkwuo: 15 dpkg Ọmụmaatụ Iwu

apt-get bụ onye njikwa ngwugwu dị elu maka Debian na ihe nrụpụta, ma na-enye ụzọ dị mfe iji weghachite na wụnye ngwugwu, gụnyere mkpebi ndabere, site na ọtụtụ isi mmalite site na iji ahịrị iwu. N'adịghị ka dpkg, apt-get anaghị arụ ọrụ ozugbo na * .deb faịlụ, mana na ngwugwu kwesịrị ekwesị aha.

Gụkwuo: 25 apt-nweta ihe atụ Iwu

ikike bụ njikwa ngwugwu ọzọ dị elu maka sistemụ dabere na Debian, enwere ike iji ya rụọ ọrụ njikwa (ịwụnye, nkwalite na iwepu ngwugwu, na-ejikwa mkpebi dabere na-akpaghị aka) n'ụzọ dị mfe ma dị mfe. . Ọ na-enye otu ọrụ dị ka apt-get na ndị ọzọ, dị ka ịnye ohere ịnweta ọtụtụ ụdị ngwugwu.

rpm bụ usoro njikwa ngwungwu nke Linux Standard Base (LSB) na-eji - nkesa na-akwado maka njikwa ngwugwu dị ala. Dị ka dpkg, ọ nwere ike ịjụ ajụjụ, wụnye, nyochaa, kwalite, ma wepụ ngwugwu, yana nkesa Fedora na-ejikarị eme ihe, dị ka RHEL na CentOS.

Gụkwuo: Ihe Nlereanya Iwu 20 rpm

yum na-agbakwunye arụmọrụ nke mmelite akpaka yana njikwa ngwugwu yana njikwa dabere na sistemụ dabere na RPM. Dị ka ngwá ọrụ dị elu, dị ka apt-get ma ọ bụ aptitude, yum na-arụ ọrụ na ebe nchekwa.

Gụkwuo: 20 yum Ihe Nlereanya Iwu

Ngwa ndị dị ala na-ejikarị eme ihe

Ihe aga-eme ugboro ugboro nke ị ga-eji ngwaọrụ dị ala rụọ ọrụ bụ ndị a:

Ọdịda nke usoro nrụnye a bụ na ọ nweghị mkpebi dabere. O yikarịrị ka ị ga-ahọrọ ịwụnye ngwugwu site na faịlụ agbakọtara mgbe ngwugwu dị otú ahụ adịghị na ebe nchekwa nkesa ya mere enweghị ike ibudata ma tinye ya site na ngwá ọrụ dị elu. Ebe ọ bụ na ngwaọrụ ndị dị ala adịghị eme mkpebi ndabere, ha ga-apụ na njehie ma ọ bụrụ na anyị nwaa ịwụnye ngwugwu na-adabereghị na ya.

# dpkg -i file.deb 		[Debian and derivative]
# rpm -i file.rpm 		[CentOS / openSUSE]

Mara: Anwala ịwụnye na CentOS faịlụ * .rpm wuru maka openSUSE, ma ọ bụ ọzọ!

Ọzọ, ị ga-eji aka kwalite ngwungwu arụnyere naanị mgbe ọ na-adịghị na ebe nchekwa etiti.

# dpkg -i file.deb 		[Debian and derivative]
# rpm -U file.rpm 		[CentOS / openSUSE]

Mgbe mbụ ị nwetara aka gị na sistemụ na-arụ ọrụ, o yikarịrị ka ị ga-achọ ịma ihe ngwugwu arụnyere.

# dpkg -l 		[Debian and derivative]
# rpm -qa 		[CentOS / openSUSE]

Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịma ma etinyere otu ngwugwu, ị nwere ike ịpịpụta mmepụta nke iwu ndị a dị n'elu ka grep, dị ka akọwara na faịlụ na-emegharị na Linux - Nkebi nke 1 nke usoro a. Ka e were ya na anyị kwesịrị ịchọpụta ma etinyere ngwugwu mysql-common na sistemụ Ubuntu.

# dpkg -l | grep mysql-common

Ụzọ ọzọ iji chọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na etinyere ngwugwu.

# dpkg --status package_name 		[Debian and derivative]
# rpm -q package_name 			[CentOS / openSUSE]

Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ka anyị chọpụta ma arụnyere ngwugwu sysdig na sistemụ anyị.

# rpm -qa | grep sysdig

# dpkg --search file_name
# rpm -qf file_name

Dịka ọmụmaatụ, kedu ngwungwu arụnyere pw_dict.hwm?

# rpm -qf /usr/share/cracklib/pw_dict.hwm

Ngwa ndị dị elu na-ejikarị eme ihe

Ọrụ ndị a na-emekarị nke ị ga-eji ngwá ọrụ dị elu mee bụ ndị a.

mmelite ikike ga-emelite ndepụta ngwugwu dị, na nchọ ike ga-eme nchọta n'ezie maka package_name.

# aptitude update && aptitude search package_name 

Na nchọ niile nhọrọ, yum ga-achọ package_name ọ bụghị naanị na aha ngwugwu, kamakwa na nkọwa ngwugwu.

# yum search package_name
# yum search all package_name
# yum whatprovides “*/package_name”

Ka anyị chere na anyị chọrọ faịlụ nke aha ya bụ sysdig. Iji mara ngwugwu ahụ anyị ga-etinyerịrị, ka anyị gbaa ọsọ.

# yum whatprovides “*/sysdig”

whatprovides na-agwa yum ka ịchọọ ngwungwu ahụ ga-enye faịlụ dabara na nkwuputa oge niile dị n'elu.

# zypper refresh && zypper search package_name		[On openSUSE]

Mgbe ị na-etinye ngwungwu, enwere ike ịkpali gị ịkwado nrụnye ahụ mgbe onye njikwa ngwugwu edozila ihe ndabere niile. Rịba ama na imelite mmelite ma ọ bụ ume ọhụrụ (dị ka onye njikwa ngwugwu na-eji) adịghị mkpa nke ukwuu, mana idobe ngwugwu arụnyere ruo ugbu a bụ ezigbo omume sysadmin maka nchekwa na ihe ndabere.

# aptitude update && aptitude install package_name 		[Debian and derivatives]
# yum update && yum install package_name 			[CentOS]
# zypper refresh && zypper install package_name 		[openSUSE]

Nhọrọ wepu ga-ewepụ ngwugwu ahụ mana ịhapụ faịlụ nhazi emebibeghị, ebe purge ga-ehichapụ akara niile nke mmemme ahụ na sistemụ gị.
# ikike wepụ/kpochapụ aha ngwugwu
# yum ihichapụ ngwugwu_aha

---Notice the minus sign in front of the package that will be uninstalled, openSUSE ---

# zypper remove -package_name 

Ọtụtụ (ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ihe niile) ndị njikwa ngwugwu ga-akpali gị, na ndabara, ma ọ bụrụ na ị ji n'aka na ị ga-aga n'ihu na mwepụ ahụ tupu ịme ya. Yabụ jiri nlezianya gụọ ozi onscreen ka ị ghara ịbanye na nsogbu na-enweghị isi!

Iwu na-esonụ ga-egosipụta ozi gbasara ngwungwu ụbọchị ọmụmụ.

# aptitude show birthday 
# yum info birthday
# zypper info birthday

Nchịkọta

Ijikwa ngwugwu bụ ihe ị na-enweghị ike ịsachapụ n'okpuru akpa dị ka onye nchịkwa sistemụ. Ịkwesịrị ịdị njikere iji ngwaọrụ ndị akọwara n'isiokwu a n'otu oge. Enwere m olileanya na ọ bara uru na nkwado gị maka ule LFCS yana maka ọrụ gị kwa ụbọchị. Enwere onwe gị ịhapụ nkwupụta ma ọ bụ ajụjụ gị n'okpuru. Obi ga-adị anyị ụtọ karịa ịlọghachikwute gị ozugbo enwere ike.